| Preface | p. v |
| The Smart Approach--An Introduction to Smart Technologies | p. 1 |
| What Constitutes a Smart Technology? | p. 1 |
| Application of Smart Technologies | p. 2 |
| An Interdisciplinary Field | p. 2 |
| Sensing Systems for Smart Structures | p. 7 |
| Introduction | p. 7 |
| Sensor Requirements in Smart Systems | p. 8 |
| Sensor Technologies for Smart Systems | p. 11 |
| The Options | p. 11 |
| Using Conventional Sensors | p. 13 |
| New Technologies--Fibre Optic Sensors | p. 15 |
| MEMS | p. 24 |
| Piezoceramics and Piezoelectric Polymers | p. 30 |
| Film Technologies: Coatings and Threads | p. 31 |
| Conclusions | p. 34 |
| Vibration Control Using Smart Structures | p. 37 |
| Introduction | p. 37 |
| The Dynamics of Structures | p. 39 |
| Modal Analysis of Structures | p. 40 |
| Sensors and Actuators | p. 42 |
| Active Control of Structures | p. 45 |
| Modal Control | p. 46 |
| Adding Damping--Derivative Feedback | p. 48 |
| Positive Position Feedback | p. 48 |
| Other Controllers | p. 50 |
| Examples of Vibration Control | p. 50 |
| A Cantilever Beam | p. 52 |
| A Slewing Beam | p. 55 |
| A Slewing Frame | p. 57 |
| Antenna | p. 61 |
| Plate Example | p. 64 |
| Conclusions | p. 68 |
| Bibliography | p. 69 |
| Data Fusion--The Role of Signal Processing for Smart Structures and Systems | p. 71 |
| Introduction | p. 71 |
| Sensors | p. 73 |
| Sensor Fusion | p. 76 |
| The JDL Model | p. 80 |
| The Boyd Model | p. 82 |
| The Waterfall Model | p. 84 |
| The Omnibus Model | p. 85 |
| The Relevance of Data Fusion for Smart Structures | p. 86 |
| Case Study: Fault Detection Based on Lamb Wave Scattering | p. 88 |
| Lamb Waves | p. 88 |
| Novelty Detection | p. 90 |
| Results | p. 92 |
| Sensor Optimisation, Validation and Failure-Safety | p. 94 |
| Optimal Sensor Distributions | p. 94 |
| Failure-Safe Distributions | p. 98 |
| Conclusions | p. 100 |
| The Multi-Layer Perceptron | p. 101 |
| Bibliography | p. 105 |
| Shape Memory Alloys--A Smart Technology? | p. 109 |
| Introduction | p. 109 |
| Structural Origins of Shape Memory | p. 111 |
| One-Way Shape Memory | p. 111 |
| Two-Way Memory Effect | p. 113 |
| Pseudoelasticity or the Superelastic Effect | p. 114 |
| A Brief History of Memory Alloys and their Application | p. 115 |
| Why Not Use Bimetals? | p. 118 |
| Types of Shape Memory Alloy | p. 118 |
| Nickel Titanium Shape Memory Alloys | p. 119 |
| Background | p. 119 |
| Mechanical Behaviour | p. 119 |
| Corrosion Characteristics | p. 121 |
| Ternary Additions | p. 121 |
| Summary of Mechanical and Physical Properties | p. 122 |
| NiTi Shape Memory Alloys in Smart Applications | p. 122 |
| Shape Memory Alloys as Smart Actuators | p. 125 |
| Political Factors | p. 126 |
| Economic Forces | p. 126 |
| Social Forces | p. 127 |
| Technological Forces | p. 128 |
| Shape Memory Alloys and their Fit to Smart Technologies | p. 128 |
| Shape Memory Alloys--A Smart Material? | p. 128 |
| Shape Memory Alloys in Smart Structures | p. 129 |
| Passive Composite Structures | p. 130 |
| Structural Shape Control | p. 131 |
| Vibration Control | p. 132 |
| Buckling Control | p. 133 |
| Acoustic Radiation | p. 133 |
| Active Damage Control | p. 134 |
| Final Thoughts | p. 135 |
| Bibliography | p. 137 |
| Piezoelectric Materials | p. 141 |
| Introduction to Piezoelectricity | p. 141 |
| Crystallography of Piezoelectricity | p. 142 |
| The Interaction Between Mechanical and Electrical Systems | p. 144 |
| Some Piezoelectric Materials | p. 145 |
| Applications of the Direct Piezoelectric Effect | p. 147 |
| Acoustic Transducers | p. 149 |
| Piezoelectric Actuators | p. 149 |
| Bimorphs and Other Bending Piezo-Actuators | p. 150 |
| Monolithic Actuators | p. 152 |
| Moonies and Cymbals | p. 153 |
| Stack and Multi-Layer Actuators | p. 156 |
| Multi-Layer Characteristics | p. 157 |
| Dynamic Characteristics of Multi-Layers | p. 158 |
| The Problem of Amplification | p. 161 |
| Mechanical Amplification | p. 162 |
| The Summation of Multiple Small Steps | p. 163 |
| The Impact Technique | p. 166 |
| Further Application Examples | p. 167 |
| Bibliography | p. 169 |
| Magnetostriction | p. 171 |
| Introduction | p. 171 |
| Background | p. 172 |
| Rare Earth Intermetallics | p. 175 |
| Actuation | p. 182 |
| Generic Actuators | p. 182 |
| Magnetostrictive Motors | p. 184 |
| Sonic and Ultrasonic Emission | p. 186 |
| Vibration Control and Absorbers | p. 187 |
| Conclusions | p. 189 |
| Bibliography | p. 191 |
| Smart Fluid Machines | p. 193 |
| Introduction | p. 193 |
| Concepts and Philosophy | p. 193 |
| More Philosophy | p. 201 |
| The Strictor Driven-Hydraulic Valve | p. 203 |
| Electrostructured Fluids | p. 203 |
| Performance Prediction | p. 206 |
| Applications | p. 213 |
| Bibliography | p. 219 |
| Smart Biomaterials--"Out-Smarting" the Body's Defense Systems and Other Advances in Materials for Medicine | p. 221 |
| Introduction | p. 221 |
| Dumb Biomaterials--The First Generation | p. 226 |
| Planning and Refinement--Second Generation Biomaterials | p. 229 |
| Calcium Phosphate Ceramics | p. 231 |
| Bioactive Glasses | p. 233 |
| Smart Surfaces Tailored for Specific Applications--Third Generation Biomaterials | p. 235 |
| Materials-Tissue Interface | p. 235 |
| Functionalised Surfaces | p. 237 |
| Biologically Modified Surfaces | p. 239 |
| Bacterial Adhesion | p. 240 |
| Bone Bonding | p. 241 |
| Blood Compatible Surfaces | p. 241 |
| Really Smart Biomaterials--The Next Generation | p. 242 |
| Conclusions | p. 244 |
| Bibliography | p. 247 |
| Natural Engineering--The Smart Synergy | p. 249 |
| Introduction | p. 249 |
| Intelligent Biomimetics | p. 250 |
| Sensory Mechanisms | p. 250 |
| Arthropod Mechano-Receptors | p. 250 |
| Vertebrate Sensors | p. 259 |
| Integration and Coding | p. 261 |
| Actuation | p. 261 |
| Skin | p. 261 |
| Deployable Structures | p. 263 |
| Implementation | p. 264 |
| Liquid Crystals | p. 264 |
| Conclusions | p. 268 |
| Bibliography | p. 269 |
| Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved. |
