Smart Cities

Foreword ix

Introduction xv

Chapter 1. What Do We Mean by âSmart Cityâ and Where Does This Idea Come From? 1

1.1. Not-so-smart smart cities! 3

1.2. The smoke and mirrors of smart cities 6

1.3. Other mirrors for other smoke: cities of the creative classes 12

1.4. So what is a âsmart cityâ? 17

Chapter 2. The Challenges of Urban Development in the Context of the Third Industrial Revolution 21

2.1. The demographic and economic challenges: toward a change in economic model 21

2.2. Geopolitical challenges: the polar shift in development in favor of the south-west and the different strategies among industrialized and emerging countries 26

2.3. Energy transfer: the fossil fuel curse is not about to disappear.33

2.4. The six breakthroughs in urban development based on smart cities 37

Chapter 3. What Makes a City Smart? 43

3.1. Lessons from medieval cities 44

3.1.1. Architect-less cities? 45

3.1.2. How do cities become unintelligent? 49

3.2.A city is a system of life 52

3.3.Smart territory 54

3.3.1.Territory: an immaterial asset 54

3.3.2.The territory secretes innovation (and not the other way around) 58

3.3.3.The territorial dynamic in action 60

3.4.Are metropolises smart territories? 63

3.5.A city is not a collection of smarties 65

3.5.1.A city is a living system 65

3.5.2 which we understand today through new approaches 66

3.5.3 at the heart of which the sciences of complexity 67

3.5.4.help conjugate internal semi-stability and external instability 68

3.6.The dangers of a technocentric approach 70

Chapter 4. New Sciences of Cities 73

4.1.The more or less sympathetic myths of the ideal city 75

4.2.A city is an imbalanced system 79

4.2.1.Definition of an urban ecosystem 80

4.2.2.A city is a system in incomplete equilibrium 82

4.2.3.What is a cityâs optimal size? 85

4.2.4.Size and inequalities are correlated 86

4.3.Smart city: an autopoietic system 89

4.4.A city must be designed as a âsystem of systemsâ 95

4.4.1.Modeling 99

4.4.2.Emergence 103

4.4.3.Evolution inside: the urban lifecycle management 105

4.4.4.System architecture as a frame of representation 107

4.4.5.The design method 109

4.4.6.Integration process: more efficiency for less 114

4.4.7.Integrating heterogeneous systems 118

Chapter 5. Smart City in Action 125

5.1.Two cities that should not exist: Norilsk and Singapore 125

5.1.1.Norilsk, the most polluted and polluting city in the world 125

5.1.2.Singapore, the smart nation 127

5.2.Pilot projects 133

5.2.1.The African city 134

5.2.2.The emergence of a territorial project through meaning: the case of Rhamna, in Morocco 136

5.2.3.Casablanca as a prototype for remedying to the tentacular growth of cities 141

5.2.4.Angola, Namibia: eco-design of a drinking water supply 146

5.2.5.Urban problem and economic transition: the Russian case of monotowns 153

5.3.The worksites of the smart city 159

5.3.1.The power of data 159

5.3.2.How much do smart cities cost? 171

5.3.3.The government of a smart city 179

5.3.4.What are the tasks and what is the form of a smart government for a smart city? 180

Conclusion 187

References 191

Index 203