Small-scale Papermaking

CHAPTER I. SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ALTERNATIVE PAPER MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES; THE CASE FOR MINI PAPER MILLS 1 I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. DEMAND, PRODUCTION AND TRADE 3 III. DEFINITION OF SMALL SCALE IN PAPER MANUFACTURE 4 IV. SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ALTERNATIVE PAPER-MAKING TECHNOLOGIES 5 V. GUIDELINES FOR GOVERNMENT ACTION 15 CHAPTER II. CHARACTERISTICS OF PAPER PRODUCTS 17 I. PRODUCT RANGE 17 II. PAPER AND BOARD GRADES 20 III. WRAPPING AND PACKAGING GRADES 22 IV. TESTING OF PAPER AND BOARD . 26 CHAPTER III. RAW MATERIALS AND ADDITIVES 29 I. FIBRE SOURCES 29 II. CHEMICALS 34 CHAPTER IV. PULP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 37 I. CHEMICAL PULP PRODUCTION 37 II. CHEMI-MECHANICAL PULPING 52 III. SEMI-MECHANICAL PULPING 55 IV. CHEMICAL RECOVERY 55 V. EFFLUENT DISPOSAL 62 VI. STOCK PREPARATION 63 V I I . STOCK CONTROL 83 CHAPTER V. THE PAPER MACHINE 87 I . PAPER PRODUCTION 87 I I . THE BOARD MACHINE 102 CHAPTER V I . METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR ESTIMATING UNIT PRODUCTION COSTS 109 I . THE METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 109 I I . APPLICATION OF THE METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 112 I I I . COST DATA FOR INDIAN MILLS 120 APPENDICES I; LIST OF EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS 127 II : EUROPEAN LIST OF THE STANDARD QUALITIES OF WASTE PAPER 139 I I I : BIBLIOGRAPHY 143 IV : SELECTED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS 145 V; GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 147