Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 Site Engineering IS Design 1
Why Is an Understanding of This Material Important? 1
The Design Language of Site Engineering 1
Summary 17
2 Grading Constraints 19
Environmental Constraints 19
Functional Constraints 23
Summary of Critical Constraints 32
3 Contours and Form 33
Definition 33
Constructing a Section 37
Characteristics of Contour Lines 37
Contour Signatures and Landform 38
Case Studies 53
4 Interpolation and Slope 63
Topographic Data 63
Interpolation 64
Calculating Slope 68
Slope s Expressed as Ratios and Degrees 71
Slope Analysis 71
5 Grading of Simple Design Elements 77
Grading of Linear Elements 77
Grading by Proportion 87
Visualizing Topography from Contour Lines 90
Grading of Planar Areas 90
Swales to Divert Runoff 97
Area Grading Process 98
6 Grading Process 101
Introduction 101
Applying the Grading Process 103
Grading Plan Graphics 108
7 Soils in Construction 113
Role of Soil in Site Planning 113
Implications of Soils for
Site Construction 113
Geotechnical Exploration and Soil Investigation 115
Soil Characteristics 117
Soil Classification 118
Engineering Properties of Soils 120
Structural Soils 121
Structured Soil Volumes 122
Lightweight Soils 123
Geotextiles 123
Construction Sequence for Grading 124
Placing and Compacting Soils 126
Earthwork Specifications 128
8 Earthwork 129
Definitions 129
Grading Operations 130
Computation of Cut-and-Fill Volumes 131
Case Study 141
9 Storm Water Management 147
Storm Runoff 147
Hydrologic Cycle 148
Nature of the Problem 148
Management Philosophy 150
System Functions 151
Storm Water Management Strategies 153
Beyond Storm Water Management 155
Summary 156
10 Storm Water Management System Components 157
Traditional Storm Water Management System Components 157
Principles and Techniques 160
Infiltration Systems 161
Detention Systems 164
Rainwater Harvesting Systems 168
Constructed Treatment Wetlands 170
Green Roofs 170
Bioretention Systems 174
Landscape Practices 176
Future Developments: Net Zero Water and Integrated Water Management 176
Case Studies 178
Summary 190
11 Soil Erosion and Sediment Control 191
Introduction 191
Regulatory Requirements 191
Soil Erosion Factors 192
Erosion and Sedimentation Processes 193
Erosion and Sediment Control Principles 193
Development of an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan 195
Runoff Considerations 195
Construction Sequencing 196
Erosion Control Measures 196
Sediment Control Measures 202
Case Studies 202
Summary 205
12 Determining Rates and Volumes of Storm Runoff : Th e Rational and
Modified Rational Methods 207
Introduction 207
Rational Method 208
Modified Rational Method 218
Volumes of Runoff, Storage, and Release 222
Required Storage for Detention or Retention Ponds by the Modified Rational Method 224
Summary 226
13 Natural Resources Conservation Service Methods of Estimating Runoff Rates, Volumes, and Required Detention Storage 227
Introduction 227
Rainfall 229
Procedures of TR55 229
Volume for Detention Storage 242
Summary 245
14 Designing and Sizing Storm Water Management Systems 247
Management Systems 247
Design and Layout of Drainage Systems 249
Designing and Sizing Grassed Swales (Waterways) 251
Designing and Sizing Pipe Systems 262
Designing and Sizing Subsurface Drainage 270
Designing and Sizing Rainwater Harvesting Systems 275
Designing and Sizing Integrated
Water Management Systems 277
Summary 277
15 Site Layout and Dimensioning 279
Hierarchy of Dimensioning 280
Dimensioning Guidelines 281
Horizontal Layout Methods 283
Layout Plans 288
16 Horizontal Road Alignment 291
Types of Horizontal Curves 291
Circular Curve Elements 293
Circular Curve Formulas 293
Degree of Curve 295
Stationing 297
Horizontal Sight Distance 300
Construction Drawing Graphics 300
Horizontal Alignment Procedures 300
Superelevation 301
Case Study 305
17 Vertical Road Alignment 311
Vertical Curve Formula 312
Equal Tangent Curves 313
Calculating the Locations of
High and Low Points 315
Unequal Tangent Curves 318
Construction Drawing Graphics 321
Vertical Sight Distances 322
Road Alignment Procedure 322
Appendix I: Table of Metric Equivalents 327
Appendix II: Metric Drawing Scales 329
Glossary 331
Bibliography 337
Index 341
