Semiconductor Quantum Dots

Physics, Spectroscopy and Applications

By: Yasuaki Masumoto (Editor), T. Takagahara (Editor)

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Hardcover | 28 May 2002

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516 Pages

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Semiconductor quantum dots represent one of the fields of solid state physics that have experienced the greatest progress in the last decade. Recent years have witnessed the discovery of many striking new aspects of the optical response and electronic transport phenomena. This book surveys this progress in the physics, optical spectroscopy and application-oriented research of semiconductor quantum dots. It focuses especially on excitons, multi-excitons, their dynamical relaxation behaviour and their interactions with the surroundings of a semiconductor quantum dot. Recent developments in fabrication techniques are reviewed and potential applications discussed. This book will serve not only as an introductory textbook for graduate students but also as a concise guide for active researchers.

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Growth of Self-Organized Quantum Dots	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Fabrication Techniques of Quantum Dots	p. 1
Quantum Dot Fabrication by Lithographic Techniques	p. 1
Self-Organized Quantum Dot Fabrication	p. 8
Ordering of Three-Dimensional Islands	p. 13
Structural Characterization of Quantum Dots	p. 13
Ordering of Quantum Dot Position	p. 20
Real-Time Monitoring of Self-Organized Quantum Dot Formation	p. 34
Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction in Molecular Beam Epitaxy	p. 35
Optical in situ Measurement in Metal-Organic Vapor-Phase Epitaxy	p. 40
References	p. 55
Excitonic Structures and Optical Properties of Quantum Dots	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
Quantum and Dielectric Confinement Effect	p. 60
Nonlocal Response Theory of Radiative Decay Rate of Excitons in Quantum Dots: Size Dependence and Temperature Dependence	p. 70
Formulation	p. 70
Size Dependence of Excitonic Radiative Decay Rate	p. 77
Effect of Homogeneous Broadening on Excitonic Radiative Decay Rate	p. 79
Electron-Hole Exchange Interaction in Degenerate Valence Band Structures	p. 81
Formulation	p. 82
Exciton Doublet Structures	p. 88
Polarization Characteristics of Exciton Doublets	p. 92
Enhancement of Excitonic Optical Nonlinearity in Quantum Dot Arrays	p. 96
Exciton Band Structure in Quantum Dot Arrays	p. 98
Excitonic Optical Nonlinearity of Quantum Dot Arrays	p. 102
Tolerance Limits for the Fluctuation of Structure Parameters of the Quantum Dot Array	p. 105
The Polariton Effect and Photonic Band Structures	p. 106
Summary	p. 107
Expression of Depolarization Field	p. 107
Depolarization Field in the Presence of a Background Dielectric Constant	p. 108
Vector Spherical Harmonics	p. 109
Parameter Related to the Electron-Hole Exchange Energies	p. 110
References	p. 112
Electron-Phonon Interactions in Semiconductor Quantum Dots	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
Energy Spectra of Acoustic Phonon Modes in Spherical Nanocrystals	p. 116
The Case of the Stress-Free Boundary Condition	p. 117
The Case of Smooth Contact Between a Quantum Dot and the Surrounding Medium	p. 120
Derivation of the Electron-Acoustic-Phonon Interactions	p. 123
Derivation of Electron-Polar-Optical-Phonon Interaction in Quantum Dots	p. 126
A Formal Theory on the Exciton-Phonon System Within the Franck-Condon Approximation	p. 135
Luminescence Stokes Shift and Huang-Rhys Factor	p. 138
Summary	p. 141
Strain Tensor Components in General Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates	p. 141
Vector Spherical Harmonics	p. 144
References	p. 145
Micro-Imaging and Single Dot Spectroscopyof Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
How to Get Access to a Single Quantum Dot	p. 153
Observation Energy Dependence and Optical Anisotropy	p. 157
Mechanism for Optical Anisotropy	p. 159
Optical Anisotropy of Individual Quantum Dots	p. 163
Many Carrier Effects	p. 165
State Filling Effects Studied by Micro-Imaging	p. 166
Multiexciton States	p. 168
Biexciton Binding Energy	p. 171
Temperature Dependence	p. 172
Band Gap Energy Shift	p. 172
Thermal Activation	p. 174
Study of Thermal Activation by Micro-Photoluminescence Images	p. 174
Fluorescence Intermittency	p. 178
Micro-Photoluminescence Images of Blinking Dots	p. 179
Random Telegraph Signals in Various Systems	p. 180
Random or Correlated?	p. 181
Excitation Power Dependence	p. 183
Origin of Fluorescence Intermittency in Inp Self-Assembled Dots	p. 186
Experimental Verification of the Model187
Some Other Interesting Phenomena	p. 194
External Electric Field Effects	p. 194
Magnetic Micro-Photoluminescence Spectra	p. 196
Fine Splitting by Anisotropic Strain	p. 198
Time Domain and Nonlinear Measurements	p. 201
Summary	p. 202
References	p. 203
Persistent Spectral Hole Burning in Semiconductor Quantum Dots	p. 209
Introduction	p. 209
Precursor and Discovery of the Persistent Spectral Hole-Burning Phenomenon	p. 211
Persistent Spectral Hole Burning, Hole Filling, and Their Mechanism	p. 212
Luminescence Hole Burning and Charged Exciton Complexes	p. 223
Photostimulated Luminescence, Luminescence Blinking, and Spectral Diffusion	p. 229
Application of Persistent Spectral Hole Burning to Site-Selective Spectroscopy	p. 234
Summary	p. 240
References	p. 241
Dynamics of Carrier Relaxation in Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
Experimental Details	p. 253
Photoluminescence Spectra in External Electric Field	p. 256
Physical Mechanisms	p. 262
Model of Selective Photoluminescence Quenching	p. 265
Kinetics	p. 269
Acoustic Phonon Resonances	p. 273
Auger-Like Processes	p. 280
Conclusion	p. 288
References	p. 290
Resonant Two-Photon Spectroscopy of Quantum Dots	p. 295
Introduction	p. 295
Electronic Structure of Cds(Se) Quantum Dots	p. 297
Two-Photon Absorption Techniques	p. 298
The Line-Narrowing Technique	p. 300
Analysis of RHRS and RSHS Excitation Spectra	p. 301
Energy Structure of Low-Energy Confined Excitons in CuCl Quantum Dots	p. 303
Exciton-Phonon Interaction in CuBr and CuCl Quantum Dots	p. 310
CuBr Quantum Dots: Coupled Exciton-LO-Phonon States	p. 310
CuCl Quantum Dots: Size Dependence of the Exciton-LO-Phonon Interaction	p. 313
CuCl Quantum Dots: Softening of LO Phonons in the Presence of an Exciton	p. 316
Determination of the Orientation of CuCl Nanocrystals in a NaCl Matrix	p. 320
Single Nanocrystal Luminescence by Two-Photon Excitation	p. 321
Conclusion	p. 322
References	p. 322
Homogeneous Width of Confined Excitons in Quantum Dots -Experimental	p. 325
Introduction	p. 325
Spectral Hole Burning and Fluorescence Line Narrowing	p. 326
Single Quantum Dot Spectroscopy	p. 327
Photon Echo	p. 329
Accumulated Photon Echo	p. 330
Accumulated Photon Echo and Persistent Hole Burning	p. 330
Phase-Modulation Technique of the Accumulated Photon Echo -Application to Quantum Dots	p. 333
Accumulated Photon Echo Signal and the Homogeneous Width of CuCl Quantum Dots	p. 334
Accumulated Photon Echo Signal and the Homogeneous Width of CdSe Quantum Dots	p. 339
Lowest-Temperature Accumulated Photon Echo Signal and Homogeneous Width	p. 342
Summary of the Accumulated Photon Echo of Quantum Dots	p. 346
Coherency Measurements	p. 346
References	p. 349
Theory of Exciton Dephasing in Semiconductor Quantum Dots	p. 353
Introduction	p. 353
Green Function Formalism of Exciton Dephasing Rate	p. 354
Exciton-Phonon Interactions	p. 361
Excitons in Anisotropic Quantum Disks	p. 362
Temperature-Dependence of the Exciton Dephasing Rate	p. 365
Elementary Processes of Exciton Pure Dephasing	p. 369
Mechanisms of Population Decay of Excitons	p. 370
Phonon-Assisted Population Relaxation	p. 370
Phonon-Assisted Exciton Migration	p. 371
Correlation Between Temperature Dependence of Exciton Dephasing Rate and Strength of Quantum Confinement	p. 377
Polarization Relaxation of Excitons	p. 378
Photoluminescence Spectrum under Selective Excitation	p. 383
Summary and Discussion	p. 386
References	p. 387
Excitonic Optical Nonlinearity and Weakly Correlated Exciton-Pair States	p. 389
Introduction	p. 389
Exciton States	p. 390
Formulation	p. 391
Configuration Interaction in a Truncated Basis	p. 393
Variational Approach	p. 395
Kayanuma's Correlated Basis Set	p. 396
Biexciton States	p. 397
Variational Approach	p. 398
Exciton-Exciton Product State Basis	p. 398
Electron-Hole Exchange Interaction	p. 399
Exciton and Biexciton Energy Levels: The Case of Cucl	p. 402
Transition Dipole Moments	p. 407
Formulation	p. 407
Results for Cucl	p. 409
Weakly Correlated Exciton Pair States	p. 413
Nonlinear Optical Properties	p. 415
Size Dependence of the Third-Order Nonlinear Susceptibility	p. 415
Excited State Absorption from the Exciton Ground State	p. 421
Experimental Observation of the Weakly Correlated Exciton Pair States	p. 424
Recent Progress in Nonlinear Nano-Optics	p. 428
Summary and Conclusions	p. 429
Two-Particle States with L = 1, 2	p. 430
Electron-Hole Exchange Interaction	p. 432
References	p. 435
Coulomb Effects in the Optical Spectra of Highly Excited Semiconductor Quantum Dots	p. 439
Introduction	p. 439
Local Density Approximation for Electrons and Holes	p. 440
Application of the Local Density Approximation to Quantum Dots	p. 441
Spherical Approximation	p. 442
Cylindrical Quantum Dots	p. 446
Beyond the Local Density Approximation: Spectral Broadening and Relaxation by Coulomb Scattering	p. 448
Spin Fine Structure of a Few Exciton Spectra: the Configuration Interaction Approach	p. 450
Conclusions	p. 454
References	p. 455
Device Applications of Quantum Dots	p. 457
Improvements of Characteristics in Quantum Dot Devices	p. 457
Thermal Broadening in Bulk and Quantum Well Semiconductors	p. 457
Density of States in Quantum Nanostructures	p. 458
Other Characteristic Changes of Quantum Dots for Device Applications	p. 459
Required Quantum Dots Dimensions for Device Applications	p. 461
Required Characteristics for Quantum Dot Optical Devices	p. 462
Advantages of Self-Assembled Quantum Dots	p. 463
Optical Devices with Quantum Dots	p. 464
Quantum Dot Lasers with Improved Temperature Characteristics	p. 464
Lasing Wavelength Control in Quantum Dot Lasers	p. 465
Reduction of Threshold Current Density in Quantum Dot Lasers	p. 466
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers with Quantum Dots	p. 471
Miscellaneous Improvements in Quantum Dot Lasers	p. 474
Other Optical Devices	p. 476
Future of Quantum Dot Devices	p. 477
Ideal Quantum Dot Structures for Device Applications	p. 477
Ultimate Device Performances with Quantum Dots	p. 478
References	p. 479
Index481
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Semiconductor Quantum Dots

Physics, Spectroscopy and Applications

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