Semiconductor Nanostructures

By: Dieter Bimberg (Editor)

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Hardcover | 18 June 2008

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380 Pages

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Reducing the size of a coherently grown semiconductor cluster in all three directions of space to a value below the de Broglie wavelength of a charge carrier leads to complete quantization of the energy levels, density of states, etc. Such "quantum dots" are more similar to giant atoms in a dielectric cage than to classical solids or semiconductors showing a dispersion of energy as a function of wavevector. Their electronic and optical properties depend strongly on their size and shape, i.e. on their geometry. By designing the geometry by controlling the growth of QDs, absolutely novel possibilities for material design leading to novel devices are opened.

This multiauthor book written by world-wide recognized leaders of their particular fields and edited by the recipient of the Max-Born Award and Medal 2006 Professor Dieter Bimberg reports on the state of the art of the growing of quantum dots, the theory of self-organised growth, the theory of electronic and excitonic states, optical properties and transport in a variety of materials. It covers the subject from the early work beginning of the 1990s up to 2006. The topics addressed in the book are the focus of research in all leading semiconductor and optoelectronic device laboratories of the world.

Industry Reviews

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"This book focuses on the physics of quantum dots. It offers a very broad perspective, including growth of dots ... and various applications such as dots for electronic memory and single-photon generation. ... It is an overview where every chapter is ... self-contained entry written by a different set of authors. ... The editor ... has done an outstanding work in selecting the most important works on nanostructures coming from this center of excellence, and presenting them in a compact, well-illustrated and readable volume." (Jacques Tempere, Belgian Physical Society Magazine, Issue 2, June, 2009)

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Technology in General Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering & Materials Materials Science Electronics & Communications Engineering Electronics Engineering Electronic Devices & Materials Semi-Conductors & Super-Conductors Other Technologies & Applied Sciences Applied Optics

Laser Technology & Holography Science Physics Optical Physics

Preface	p. v
List of Contributors	p. xvii
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Quantum Dot Growth	p. 1
Introduction	p. 2
Length and Time Scales	p. 3
Multiscale Approach to the Modeling of Nanostructures	p. 4
Atomistic Aspects of Growth	p. 5
Diffusion of Ga Atoms on GaAs(001)	p. 5
Energetics of As₂ Incorporation During Growth	p. 5
Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of GaAs Homoepitaxy	p. 6
Wetting Layer Evolution	p. 9
Size and Shapes of Individual Quantum Dots	p. 11
Hybrid Approach to Calculation of the Equilibrium Shape of Individual Quantum Dots	p. 11
Role of High-Index Facets in the Shape of Quantum Dots	p. 13
Shape Transition During Quantum Dot Growth	p. 14
Constraint Equilibrium of Quantum Dots with a Wetting Layer	p. 15
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Quantum Dot Ensembles	p. 19
Equilibrium Volumeof Strained Islands versus Ostwald Ripening	p. 19
Crossover from Kinetically Controlled to Thermodynamically Controlled Growth of Quantum Dots	p. 22
Tunable Metastability of Quantum Dot Arrays	p. 25
Evolution Mechanisms in Dense Arrays of Elastically Interacting Quantum Dots	p. 27
Quantum Dot Stacks	p. 29
Transition between Vertically Correlated and Vertically Anticorrelated Quantum Dot Growth	p. 29
Finite Size Effect: Abrupt Transitions between Correlated and Anticorrelated Growth	p. 31
Reduction of a Size of a Critical Nucleus in the Second Quantum Dot Layer	p. 32
Summary and Outlook	p. 34
References	p. 35
Control of Self-Organized In(Ga)As/GaAs Quantum Dot Growth	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Evolution and Strain Engineering of InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots	p. 42
Evolution of InGaAs Dots	p. 42
Engineering of Single and Stacked InGaAs QD Layers	p. 46
Growth Control of Equally Shaped InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots	p. 50
Formation of Self-Similar Dots with a Multimodal Size Distribution	p. 51
Kinetic Description of Multimodal Dot-Ensemble Formation	p. 54
Epitaxy of GaSb/GaAs Quantum Dots	p. 56
Onset and Dynamics of GaSb/GaAs Quantum-Dot Formation	p. 56
Structure of GaSb/GaAs Quantum Dots	p. 58
Device Applications of InGaAs Quantum Dots	p. 60
Edge-Emitting Lasers	p. 60
Surface-Emitting Lasers	p. 61
Conclusion	p. 62
References	p. 63
In-Situ Monitoring for Nano-Structure Growth in MOVPE	p. 67
Introduction	p. 67
Reflectance	p. 69
Reflectance Anisotropy Spectroscopy (RAS)	p. 71
RAS Spectra and Surface Reconstruction	p. 72
Monolayer Oscillations	p. 74
Monitoring of Carrier Concentration	p. 79
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)	p. 82
Conclusion	p. 84
References	p. 85
Bottom-up Approach to the Nanopatterning of Si(001)	p. 87
Quantum Dot Growth on Semiconductor Templates	p. 87
(2 × n) Reconstruction of Si(001)	p. 88
Monte Carlo Simulations on the (2 × n) Formation	p. 90
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Results	p. 92
Summary and Outlook	p. 94
References	p. 95
Structural Characterisation of Quantum Dots by X-Ray Diffraction and TEM	p. 97
Introduction	p. 97
Liquid Phase Epitaxy of SiGe/Si: A Model System for the Stranski-Krastanow Process	p. 99
Dot Evolution in a Close-to-Equilibrium Regime	p. 99
(In,Ga)As Quantum Dots on GaAs	p. 103
Shape, Size, Strain and Composition Gradient in InGaAs QD Arrays	p. 103
Chemical Composition of (In,Ga)As QDs Determined by TEM	p. 107
Controlling 3D Ordering in (In,Ga)As QD Arrays through GaAs Surface Orientation	p. 109
Ga(Sb,As) Quantum Dots on GaAs	p. 113
Structural Characterisation of Ga(Sb,As) QDs by High-Resolution TEM Imaging	p. 117
Chemical Characterisation of Ga(Sb,As) QDs by HAADF STEM Imaging	p. 118
References	p. 119
The Atomic Structure of Quantum Dots	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Experimental Details	p. 124
STM Studies of InAs Quantum Dots on the Growth Surface	p. 124
XSTM Studies of Buried Nanostructures	p. 127
InAs Quantum Dots	p. 127
InGaAs Quantum Dots	p. 131
GaSb Quantum Dots	p. 134
Conclusion	p. 135
References	p. 136
Theory of Excitons in InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
Interrelation of QD-Structure, Strain and Piezoelectricity, and Coulomb Interaction	p. 140
The Binding Energies of the Few Particle Complexes	p. 140
Method of Calculation	p. 143
Calculation of Strain	p. 144
Piezoelectricity and the Reduction of Lateral Symmetry	p. 145
Single Particle States	p. 147
Many-Particle States	p. 148
The Configuration Interaction Model	p. 148
Interband Spectra	p. 150
The Investigated Structures: Variation of Size, Shape and Composition	p. 150
The Impact of QD Size	p. 151
The Role of the Piezoelectric Field	p. 153
The Aspect Ratio	p. 155
Vertical Aspect Ratio	p. 155
Lateral Aspect Ratio	p. 157
Different Composition Profiles	p. 157
Inverted Cone-Like Composition Profile	p. 157
Annealed QDs	p. 159
InGaAs QDs with Uniform Composition	p. 159
Correlation vs. QD Size, Shape and Particle Type	p. 159
Conclusions	p. 162
References	p. 163
Phonons in Quantum Dots and Their Role in Exciton Dephasing	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
Structural Properties of Semiconductor Nanostructures	p. 166
Theory of Acoustic Phonons in Quantum Dots	p. 166
Continuum Elasticity Model of Phonons	p. 167
Phonons in Quantum Dots	p. 170
Exciton-Acoustic Phonon Coupling in Quantum Dots	p. 171
Dephasing of the Exciton Polarization in Quantum Dots	p. 173
Single Exciton Level: Independent Boson Model	p. 174
Multilevel System: Real and Virtual Phonon-Assisted Transitions	p. 176
Application to Coupled Quantum Dots	p. 182
Summary	p. 184
References	p. 185
Theory of the Optical Response of Single and Coupled Semiconductor Quantum Dots	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
Theory	p. 190
Quantum Dot Model	p. 190
Hamiltonian	p. 191
Mathematical Formalisms	p. 193
Single Quantum Dot Response	p. 196
Linear Absorption Spectra and Quantum Optics	p. 196
Semiclassical Nonlinear Dynamics	p. 199
Two Coupled Quantum Dots	p. 201
Absorption Spectra	p. 202
Excitation Transfer	p. 202
Rabi Oscillations	p. 203
Pump-Probe/Differential Transmission Spectra	p. 204
Multiple Quantum Dots	p. 205
Four-Wave-Mixing: Photon Echo in Quantum Dot Ensembles	p. 205
Absorption of Multiple Coupled Quantum Dots	p. 205
Energy Transfer of Multiple Coupled Quantum Dots	p. 206
Conclusion	p. 206
References	p. 207
Theory of Nonlinear Transport for Ensembles of Quantum Dots	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
Coulomb Interaction within a Quantum Dot Layer	p. 211
Transport in Quantum Dot Stacks	p. 213
Current Fluctuations and Shot Noise	p. 214
Full Counting Statistics and Decoherence in Coupled Quantum Dots	p. 216
Conclusion	p. 218
References	p. 219
Quantum Dots for Memories	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Semiconductor Memories	p. 222
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)	p. 222
Nonvolatile Semiconductor Memories (Flash)	p. 223
A QD-based Memory Cell	p. 224
Charge Carrier Storage in Quantum Dots	p. 226
Experimental Technique	p. 226
Carrier Storage in InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots	p. 228
Hole Storage in GaSb/GaAs Quantum Dots	p. 229
InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots with Additional AlGaAs Barrier	p. 230
Conclusion and Outlook	p. 233
References	p. 235
Visible-Bandgap II-VI Quantum Dot Heterostructures	p. 237
Introduction	p. 237
Epitaxial Growth	p. 238
Few-Particles States and Their Fine Structure	p. 241
Excitons and Biexcitons	p. 241
Trions in Charged Quantum Dots	p. 243
Coherent Control of the Exciton-Biexciton System	p. 245
Spin Relaxation of Excitons, Holes, and Electrons	p. 247
Exciton Quantum Coherence	p. 247
Hole Spin Lifetime	p. 248
Spin Dynamics of the Resident Electron	p. 249
Diluted Magnetic Quantum Dots	p. 251
References	p. 253
Narrow-Gap Nanostructures in Strong Magnetic Fields	p. 255
Introduction	p. 255
Materials: HgSe/HgSe: Fe	p. 256
Fabrication of HgSe/HgSe: Fe Nanostructures	p. 256
Quantum Wells	p. 257
Roof-Ridge Quantum Wires	p. 258
Quantum Dots	p. 259
Electronic Characterization of the HgSe/HgSe: Fe Nano-Structures in Strong Magnetic Fields	p. 262
High-Field Magneto Transport	p. 262
Infrared Magneto-Resonance Spectroscopy	p. 263
Summary	p. 267
References	p. 267
Optical Properties of III-V Quantum Dots	p. 269
Introduction	p. 269
Confined States and Many-Particle Effects	p. 270
Renormalization	p. 270
Phonon Interaction	p. 274
Electronic Tuning by Strain Engineering	p. 276
Multimodal InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots	p. 278
Single InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots	p. 281
Spectral Diffusion	p. 281
Size-Dependent Anisotropic Exchange Interaction	p. 282
Binding Energies of Excitonic Complexes	p. 285
Data Storage Using Confined Trions	p. 286
Electronic Tuning by Annealing	p. 287
Optical Properties of InGaN/GaN Quantum Dots	p. 288
Time-Resolved Studies on Quantum Dot Ensembles	p. 289
Single-Dot Spectroscopy	p. 292
Summary	p. 296
References	p. 298
Ultrafast Coherent Spectroscopy of Single Semiconductor Quantum Dots	p. 301
Introduction	p. 301
Interface Quantum Dots	p. 303
Coherent Spectroscopy of Interface Quantum Dots: Experimental Technique	p. 305
Coherent Control in Single Interface Quantum Dots	p. 308
Ultrafast Optical Nonlinearities of Single Interface Quantum Dots	p. 308
Rabi Oscillations in a Quantum Dot	p. 312
Optical Stark Effect: Ultrafast Control of Single Exciton Polarizations	p. 315
Coupling Two Quantum Dots via the Dipole-Dipole Interaction	p. 319
Summary and Conclusions	p. 323
References	p. 325
Single-Photon Generation from Single Quantum Dots	p. 329
Introduction	p. 329
Single Quantum Dots as Single-Photon Emitters	p. 331
Photon Statistics of Single-Photon Emitters	p. 331
Micro-Photoluminescence	p. 332
Single Photons from InP Quantum Dots	p. 333
Multiphoton Emission from Single Quantum Dots	p. 334
Realization of the Ultimate Limit of a Light Emitting Diode	p. 339
Applications in Quantum Information Processing	p. 343
Quantum Key Distribution	p. 343
Quantum Computing	p. 344
Outlook	p. 346
References	p. 347
Index	p. 351
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Semiconductor Nanostructures

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

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