| Preface | p. xv |
| Acknowledgments | p. xix |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| How the Workplace Supports Successful Design | p. 3 |
| High-Speed Digital Design Is Challenging | p. 3 |
| Needs for Technical Specialization | p. 6 |
| The Role of Processes and Procedures | p. 7 |
| Using Judgment When Making Design Tradeoffs | p. 8 |
| HSDD Needs the Help of EDA Tools | p. 9 |
| HSDD Needs a Team That Extends Beyond the Company | p. 9 |
| HSDD Team Members Often Have Their Own Agendas | p. 10 |
| HSDD Simulations Performed in the Workplace | p. 11 |
| Modeling and Simulation Versus Prototype and Debug | p. 12 |
| Ten Tips for Modeling and Simulation | p. 13 |
| Summary | p. 13 |
| Introduction to Modeling Concepts | p. 15 |
| Modeling and Simulation for All Scales of System Size | p. 15 |
| Communicating Across Specialties | p. 15 |
| What Is a Model? | p. 16 |
| What Is a System? | p. 18 |
| Needs for Model Accuracy Change as a Design Progresses | p. 20 |
| There Are Many Kinds of Models and Simulations | p. 22 |
| Modeling and Simulation for Systems | p. 23 |
| Bottom-Up and Top-Down Design | p. 24 |
| Analog Issues in Digital Design | p. 27 |
| Noise Modeling on Electrical Signals | p. 34 |
| Additional Design Issues to Model and Simulate | p. 36 |
| Using EDA Tools for Semiconductors | p. 41 |
| Using EDA Tools for Board Interconnections | p. 43 |
| Looking Ahead in the Book | p. 45 |
| Summary | p. 45 |
| Generating Models | p. 47 |
| Model Properties Derived from Device Physics Theory | p. 49 |
| Introduction | p. 49 |
| Why Deep Sub-Micron Technology Is Complex | p. 50 |
| Models Extracted from Semiconductor Design Theory | p. 52 |
| Example of the BJT Process | p. 53 |
| How BJT and FET Construction Affect Their Operation | p. 54 |
| Calculating Device Physics Properties | p. 65 |
| Examples of Computing Electrical Properties from Structure | p. 71 |
| Examples of SPICE Models and Parameters | p. 75 |
| Modeling Packaging Interconnections | p. 90 |
| Summary | p. 93 |
| Measuring Model Properties in the Laboratory | p. 95 |
| Introduction to Model Measurements | p. 95 |
| Matrix Models | p. 97 |
| Scattering-Parameter Models | p. 103 |
| SPICE Models | p. 106 |
| IBIS Models | p. 114 |
| Web Sites for IBIS Visual Editors and Other Tools | p. 126 |
| TDR/TDT - VNA Measurements | p. 126 |
| RLGC Matrixes | p. 127 |
| Field Solver RLGC Extraction for ICs | p. 130 |
| What is Model Synthesis? | p. 130 |
| Test Equipment Providers | p. 130 |
| Software for Test Equipment Control | p. 131 |
| Summary | p. 132 |
| Using Statistical Data to Characterize Component Populations | p. 133 |
| Why Process Variation Is Important | p. 133 |
| Achieving Process Control with Population Statistics | p. 133 |
| Basics of Population Statistics | p. 134 |
| Characterization for Six-Sigma Quality | p. 144 |
| Six-Sigma Quality for Modeling and Design | p. 149 |
| Summary | p. 150 |
| Selecting Components and Their Models | p. 151 |
| Using Selection Guides to Compare and Contrast Components | p. 153 |
| Tools for Making Component Choices | p. 153 |
| Team Members Use of Selection Guides | p. 155 |
| Selection Guide Examples | p. 156 |
| Selection Guides Help Component Standardization | p. 161 |
| Simulation as a Selection Guide | p. 161 |
| Right-Thinking | p. 166 |
| Summary | p. 167 |
| Using Data Sheets to Compare and Contrast Components | p. 169 |
| Data Sheets as Product Descriptions | p. 169 |
| Are Data Sheets Accurate and Complete? | p. 173 |
| Selecting a Component That Is Fit for Use | p. 175 |
| Using Data Sheets to Begin the Selection Process | p. 176 |
| Construction Characteristics of Amplifiers and Switches | p. 178 |
| Using Beta to Explain Device Tradeoffs | p. 179 |
| Comparing Five BJTs to Illustrate Making a Selection | p. 182 |
| Process for Making Tradeoffs | p. 195 |
| Additional Choices for Picking a Component | p. 197 |
| Thoughts About the Physical Design Examples | p. 197 |
| Summary | p. 198 |
| Selecting the Best Model for a Simulation | p. 199 |
| From Component Choice to Model Choice | p. 199 |
| Questions That Modeling and Simulation Can Answer | p. 200 |
| Types of Models | p. 201 |
| Using Symbols and Schematics to Represent Models | p. 202 |
| Major Types of Models | p. 205 |
| Compare Models by Simulation Performance | p. 211 |
| Additional Model Comparisons | p. 221 |
| Recommendations for Modeling | p. 223 |
| Converting a Model to Another Type of Model | p. 227 |
| Transform Models for Systems | p. 234 |
| Summary | p. 241 |
| Modeling and Simulation in the Design Process Flow | p. 243 |
| Simulation in the Design Process | p. 243 |
| A Typical Design Flow | p. 244 |
| Strategy of Modeling and Simulation in Design | p. 248 |
| Acquiring IBIS Models: An Overview | p. 249 |
| Summary | p. 257 |
| About the IBIS Model | p. 259 |
| Key Concepts of the IBIS Specification | p. 261 |
| Introduction | p. 261 |
| IBIS Specification | p. 264 |
| Sample IBIS Data File | p. 283 |
| Parsing and Checking IBIS Data Files | p. 294 |
| Schematic of a Basic IBIS Model | p. 297 |
| How IBIS Circuit Modeling Methodology Is Used | p. 301 |
| IBIS Test Circuits | p. 309 |
| ISO 9000 Process Documentation for IBIS Models | p. 310 |
| Summary | p. 314 |
| Using IBIS Models in What-If Simulations | p. 315 |
| A New Method of Design and Development | p. 315 |
| Virtual Experiments | p. 316 |
| Virtual Experiment Techniques | p. 316 |
| Propagation Delay in High-Speed Nets | p. 317 |
| Why We Use the IBIS Model | p. 318 |
| Data Used in Experiments | p. 320 |
| Experiment 1: Output Drive Capabity Versus Load | p. 322 |
| Experiment 2: C_comp Loading | p. 327 |
| All-Important Zo: Algorithms and Field Solvers | p. 332 |
| Experiment 3: Edge Rate of a Driver and Reflections | p. 333 |
| Experiment 4: Using V-T Data Versus a Ramp | p. 336 |
| Experiment 5: Parasitics and Packaging Effects | p. 346 |
| Experiment 6: Environmental and Population Variables | p. 349 |
| Other Considerations: Timing and Noise Margin Issues | p. 352 |
| Experiment 7: Vol from Simulation Versus Data Sheet | p. 356 |
| How IBIS Handles Simulator Issues | p. 358 |
| Summary | p. 359 |
| Fixing Errors and Omissions in IBIS Models | p. 361 |
| IBIS Model Validation Steps | p. 361 |
| Process and Product Improvement Steps | p. 362 |
| Step 1: Detect and Acknowledge the Quality Problem | p. 363 |
| Step 2: Diagnose the Problem's Root Cause | p. 364 |
| Step 3: Design a Fix Based on Root Cause | p. 366 |
| Step 4: Verify the Fix | p. 370 |
| Step 5: Archive Corrected Models | p. 372 |
| Beyond Parsers and Checklists: Simulations and Reality Checking | p. 372 |
| Tools Provided by the IBIS Committee | p. 374 |
| IBIS Common Errors Checklist and Correction Procedures | p. 382 |
| 3Com's ISO 9000 Process for IBIS Models | p. 386 |
| IBIS Model Acceptance and Legitimacy | p. 391 |
| Summary | p. 394 |
| Using EDA Tools to Create and Validate IBIS Models from SPICE | p. 395 |
| Introduction | p. 395 |
| I/O Buffer Example | p. 396 |
| SPICE-to-IBIS Conversion Methodology | p. 399 |
| Modeling Passive Interconnections in IBIS | p. 414 |
| IBIS Model Validation | p. 415 |
| Summary | p. 422 |
| Managing Models | p. 425 |
| Sources of IBIS Models | p. 427 |
| Model Needs Change as a Product is Developed | p. 427 |
| List of IBIS Model Sources | p. 428 |
| Using Default Models to Get Started | p. 430 |
| Using the Company's Model Library | p. 430 |
| Using the EDA Tool Provider's Model Library | p. 430 |
| Searching the Web for the Supplier's Model | p. 431 |
| Requesting Models Directly from the Supplier | p. 434 |
| Purchasing a Commercial Third-Party Model Library | p. 436 |
| Using Models Adapted from Other Models | p. 437 |
| Review | p. 440 |
| Purchasing Custom Models from a Third-Party | p. 441 |
| Converting SPICE Models to IBIS Models | p. 441 |
| Using a Supplier's Preliminary Models | p. 441 |
| Asking SI-List and IBIS E-mail Reflectors for Help | p. 450 |
| Modeling Tools on the IBIS Website | p. 451 |
| Summary | p. 452 |
| Working with the Model Library | p. 453 |
| The Best Way to Manage Models | p. 453 |
| Component Standardization and Library Management | p. 458 |
| Storing and Retrieving Model Files | p. 470 |
| Assigning Models to Components in EDA Simulators | p. 473 |
| Flexibility in Model Choices at Run Time | p. 476 |
| Summary | p. 476 |
| Model Accuracy and Verification | p. 477 |
| Methodology for Verifying Models | p. 479 |
| Overview of Model Verification | p. 479 |
| Model Verification Methodology | p. 481 |
| Verifying SPICE Models | p. 489 |
| Verifying PDS Models | p. 497 |
| Verifying IBIS Models | p. 503 |
| Verifying Other Model Types | p. 508 |
| Summary | p. 510 |
| Verifying Model Accuracy by Using Laboratory Measurements | p. 511 |
| Introduction | p. 511 |
| Instrumentation Loading as a Source of Errors | p. 512 |
| Other Test Setup Errors | p. 517 |
| Signal Noise as a Source of Errors | p. 519 |
| Measurement Definitions and Terms as a Source of Errors | p. 520 |
| Two Ways to Correlate Models with Measurements | p. 522 |
| Involving Production in Verification | p. 523 |
| An EMI/EMC Example | p. 523 |
| Correlating Unit-by-Unit Model Measurements | p. 524 |
| Statistical Envelope Correlation | p. 525 |
| Signal Integrity and Correlation | p. 526 |
| Waveform Correlation | p. 527 |
| Computational Electromagnetics and the Feature Selective Validation Method | p. 530 |
| IBIS Golden Waveforms | p. 534 |
| How Unexpected Errors Led to an Advance in Modeling | p. 535 |
| Recommended Verification Strategy | p. 541 |
| Summary | p. 544 |
| Balancing Accuracy Against Practicality When Correlating Simulation Results | p. 545 |
| Establishing Absolute Accuracy Is Difficult | p. 545 |
| Is a Model Accurate Enough to Be Usable? | p. 547 |
| Model Accuracy Definitions | p. 547 |
| Confidence Limits in Measurements and Simulations | p. 548 |
| How Much to Guard-Band Design Simulation? | p. 549 |
| Differences in Accuracy, Dispersion, and Precision for Simulation and Measurement | p. 550 |
| Model Limitations | p. 551 |
| Standardizafion and the Compact Model Council | p. 551 |
| Summary | p. 554 |
| Deriving an Equation-Based Model from a Macromodel | p. 555 |
| A "New" RF Design Challenge | p. 555 |
| Background | p. 555 |
| Applying the RF Example to High-Speed Digital Circuits | p. 556 |
| Predicted and Measured Results | p. 558 |
| Reverse Isolation Analyzed | p. 559 |
| Optimizing Single-Stage Reverse Isolation | p. 566 |
| Combining Stages for Power Isolation | p. 567 |
| Calculations Versus Measurements | p. 569 |
| Construction and Test Techniques | p. 569 |
| Summary | p. 570 |
| Future Directions in Modeling | p. 571 |
| The Challenge to IBIS | p. 573 |
| Emerging Simulation Requirements | p. 573 |
| The Leading Contenders to Change IBIS | p. 576 |
| Models in the Context of Simplification | p. 577 |
| Physical Modeling | p. 578 |
| Behavioral Modeling | p. 580 |
| Developing a Macromodel from the Behavioral Model | p. 588 |
| Developing a SPICE Macromodel from a Physical Model | p. 592 |
| Limitations in Models Due to Simplification | p. 608 |
| AMS Modeling Simplified | p. 610 |
| Limitations Because of Parameter Variation | p. 618 |
| Limitations of Deterministic Modeling and Design | p. 621 |
| Summary | p. 629 |
| Feedback to the Model Provider Improves Model Accuracy | p. 631 |
| Continuing Need for Better Models | p. 631 |
| How Far We Have Come | p. 632 |
| Four-Step Universal Process for Improvement | p. 633 |
| Specs That Swim Upstream: A New Approach | p. 633 |
| Warnings About Doing What-If Model Simulations | p. 634 |
| Selling the Idea of Better Models and Simulation | p. 635 |
| Summary | p. 640 |
| Future Trends in Modeling | p. 641 |
| Bridges to the Future | p. 641 |
| Challenge of HSDD | p. 642 |
| How Design Methods Have Changed | p. 644 |
| Attitudes in EMI/EMC about Modeling and Simulation | p. 645 |
| High-Speed Design Is Becoming More Challenging | p. 646 |
| Advantages of SPICE, S-Parameters, and IBIS | p. 648 |
| Combining Models and EDA Tools to Design High-Speed Serial Busses | p. 654 |
| IBIS: Past, Present, and Future Specification Additions | p. 655 |
| Advantages of Pre-Layout Simulation for EMI/EMC | p. 659 |
| Interconnection Design Applied to EMI/EMC | p. 660 |
| Modeling for Power Integrity and EMI/EMC | p. 661 |
| Computational Electromagnetics | p. 671 |
| EDA Tool Supplier Survey | p. 676 |
| Risk Management and the Limitations of Simulation | p. 681 |
| Summary | p. 681 |
| Using Probability: The Ultimate Future of Simulation | p. 683 |
| Introduction | p. 683 |
| Limitations of Deterministic Modeling and Design | p. 685 |
| A New Approach: Probabilistic Modeling | p. 687 |
| Complexity of the EMI Chain of Cause and Effect | p. 688 |
| Risk Management Mathematics | p. 689 |
| Identical Equipments Case | p. 692 |
| Non-Identical Equipments Case | p. 693 |
| Risk Assessment | p. 693 |
| Distribution Examples | p. 694 |
| Review of Probability Distributions | p. 701 |
| Follow Up Simulation with Product Assurance | p. 702 |
| Summary | p. 703 |
| Glossary, Bibliography, Index, and CD-ROM | p. 705 |
| Glossary | p. 707 |
| Bibliography | p. 733 |
| Index | p. 745 |
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