| Figures | p. xiii |
| Tables | p. xvii |
| Contributors | p. xix |
| Preface | p. xxiii |
| Background | |
| Scale-Dependence and the Problem of Extrapolation: Implications for Experimental and Natural Coastal Ecosystems | p. 3 |
| Experiments and Scale: Key Concepts | p. 8 |
| Theory of Scaling Relations | p. 12 |
| Scaling Relations in Natural and Experimental Ecosystems | p. 19 |
| Scaling Experimental Ecosystems: Approaches and Examples | p. 41 |
| Comments | p. 45 |
| Appendix | p. 46 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 47 |
| Literature Cited | p. 47 |
| Scaling Theory | |
| Understanding the Problem of Scale in Experimental Ecology | p. 61 |
| Experiments in Ecology | p. 62 |
| Scale in Ecology | p. 64 |
| Dealing with Scale | p. 70 |
| Scaling Organism Responses | p. 76 |
| Comments | p. 77 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 80 |
| Literature Cited | p. 80 |
| The Nature of the Scale Issue in Experimentation | p. 89 |
| Assumptions and Predictions | p. 91 |
| Analog and Digital Experimentation | p. 92 |
| Experiments and Description | p. 95 |
| Assumptions and What Is Reasonable | p. 97 |
| Experimentation to Achieve New Levels of Analysis | p. 100 |
| Comments | p. 108 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 110 |
| Literature Cited | p. 110 |
| Spatial Allometry: Theory and Application to Experimental and Natural Aquatic Ecosystems | p. 113 |
| Scaled Quantities and Scope | p. 119 |
| Similarity, Scaling Theory, and Scaling Functions | p. 125 |
| Application: Primary Production in Lakes | p. 128 |
| Application: Fish Catch from Lakes | p. 132 |
| Application: Biomass Accumulation in Mesocosms | p. 135 |
| Application: Primary Production in Mesocosms | p. 139 |
| Scaling Theory: Spatial Allometry for Antagonistic Rates | p. 140 |
| Application: Adult-Juvenile Interactions in Benthic Communities | p. 141 |
| Application to Mesocosm Analysis | p. 144 |
| Comments | p. 145 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 148 |
| Literature Cited | p. 148 |
| Scaling Mesocosms to Nature | |
| Getting It Right and Wrong: Extrapolations Across Experimental Scales | p. 157 |
| Successful Extrapolation: An Example | p. 159 |
| Comparative Frameworks | p. 161 |
| Extrapolation and Lake Enclosure Experiments | p. 162 |
| Scales of Interest, Soft Extrapolation, and Context | p. 171 |
| Comments | p. 172 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 173 |
| Literature Cited | p. 173 |
| Some Reluctant Ruminations on Scales (and Claws and Teeth) in Marine Mesocosms | p. 179 |
| The 1-10 cm Dilemma | p. 180 |
| "As Simple as Possible--But No Simpler" | p. 180 |
| Hierarchy and Scale | p. 187 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 188 |
| Literature Cited | p. 188 |
| Evaluating and Modeling Foraging Performance of Planktivorous and Piscivorous Fish: Effects of Containment and Issues of Scale | p. 191 |
| Conceptual Model of Scale-Dependent Constraints on Foraging | p. 194 |
| Modeling Planktivore and Piscivore Behavior | p. 197 |
| Implications of Containment for Growth Rates of Fish | p. 212 |
| Comments | p. 215 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 219 |
| Literature Cited | p. 219 |
| Experimental Validity and Ecological Scale as Criteria for Evaluating Research Programs | p. 223 |
| Scale, Validity, and Ecological Experiments | p. 226 |
| A Scale-Validity Framework for Experimental Ecology | p. 231 |
| Biodiversity and Ecosystem-Functioning Experiments as Illustration | p. 234 |
| Discussion | p. 241 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 244 |
| Literature Cited | p. 244 |
| Scale and Experiment in Different Ecosystems | |
| Scaling Issues in Experimental Ecology: Freshwater Ecosystems | p. 253 |
| Scale Considerations When Conducting Freshwater Experiments | p. 256 |
| Assessing Responses in Freshwater Experiments | p. 261 |
| Explicit Tests of Scaling Gradients | p. 266 |
| Lessons to Be Learned from Unrealistic Experiments | p. 270 |
| Freshwater versus Estuarine Experiments and Ecosystems | p. 272 |
| Comments | p. 274 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 275 |
| Literature Cited | p. 275 |
| Terrestrial Perspectives on Issues of Scale in Experimental Ecology | p. 281 |
| The Experimentalists' View of Scale | p. 283 |
| Theoretical Perspective of Scaling in Experiments | p. 285 |
| The Need to Integrate Theory and Design | p. 287 |
| Challenges for the Future | p. 290 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 293 |
| Literature Cited | p. 294 |
| Issues of Scale in Land-Margin Ecosystems | p. 299 |
| Definitions of Scale, Scaling, and Scale-Dependent Behavior | p. 302 |
| Characteristics of Land-Margin Ecosystems | p. 304 |
| Scaled Relationships in Land-Margin Ecosystems and Mesocosms | p. 308 |
| Issues of Special Concern in Design and Use of Land-Margin Mesocosms | p. 312 |
| Tools for Analysis of Scale and Extrapolating Among Scales in Land-Margin Systems | p. 317 |
| Recommendations Concerning Future Work on Scaling of Land-Margin System Properties | p. 322 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 324 |
| Literature Cited | p. 324 |
| Scaling Issues in Marine Experimental Ecosystems: The Role of Patchiness | p. 331 |
| Patchiness in the Pelagic Ocean | p. 334 |
| Patchiness Issues Associated with Experimental Ecosystems | p. 338 |
| Linking Experimental Ecosystems to Marine Systems | p. 342 |
| Comments | p. 353 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 355 |
| Literature Cited | p. 355 |
| Index | p. 361 |
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