Scale Development

Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Chapter 1 * Overview General Perspectives on Measurement Historical Origins of Measurement in Social Science Later Developments in Measurement The Role of Measurement in the Social Sciences Summary and Preview Exercises Chapter 2 * Understanding the Latent Variable Constructs Versus Measures Latent Variable as the Presumed Cause of Scale Item Values Path Diagrams Further Elaboration of the Measurement Model Parallel Tests Alternative Models Choosing a Causal Model Exercises Note Chapter 3 * Scale Reliability Methods Based on the Analysis of Variance Continuous Versus Dichotomous Items Internal Consistency Coefficient Alpha Remedies to Alpha's Limitations Coefficient Omega (?) Reliability Based on Correlations Between Scale Scores Reliability and Statistical Power Generalizability Theory Summary Exercises Notes Chapter 4 * Scale Validity Content Validity Criterion-Related Validity Construct Validity What About Face Validity? Exercises Chapter 5 * Guidelines in Scale Development Step 1: Determine Clearly What It Is You Want to Measure Step 2: Generate an Item Pool Step 3: Determine the Format for Measurement Step 4: Have Initial Item Pool Reviewed by Experts Step 5: Cognitive Interviewing Step 6: Consider Inclusion of Validation Items Step 7: Administer Items to a Development Sample Step 8: Evaluate the Items Step 9: Optimize Scale Length Exercises Note Chapter 6 * Factor Analysis Overview of Factor Analysis Conceptual Description of Factor Analysis Bifactor and Hierarchical Factor Models Interpreting Factors Principal Components Versus Common Factors Confirmatory Factor Analysis Using Factor Analysis in Scale Development Sample Size Conclusion Exercises Chapter 7 * The Index How an Index Differs From a Scale Rules of Thumb for Differentiating an Index From a Scale Is It a Scale or an Index? Formal Methods for Distinguishing Effect and Causal Indicators Steps in Developing and Evaluating an Index Hybrid Measures Methods Based on Structural Equation Modeling Criticisms of Index Composites Exercises Note Chapter 8 * An Overview of Item Response Theory Item Difficulty Item Discrimination Guessing, or False Positives Item-Characteristic Curves IRT Applied to Multiresponse Items Exercises Chapter 9 * Measurement in the Broader Research Context Before Scale Development After Scale Administration Final Thoughts Exercise References