Safer Insecticides

Preface -- Contributors -- 1. Introduction /Ernest Hodgson and Ronald J. Kuhr -- I. Introduction -- II. Factors Involved in Insecticide Development -- III. Approaches to the Development of Safer Insecticides -- IV. Summary and Conclusions -- 2. Metabolism of Xenobiotics /W. C. Dauterman and Ernest Hodgson -- I. Introduction -- II. Phase-I Reactions -- III. Phase-II Reactions -- IV. Nutritional Effects on Xenobiotic Metabolism -- V. Physiological Effects on Xenobiotic Metabolism -- VI. Genetic Effects on Xenobiotic Metabolism -- VII. Chemical Effects on Xenobiotic Metabolism -- 3. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships of Insecticides /Keiichiro Nishimura, Haiime lwamura, and Toshio Fuiita -- I. Introduction -- II. Quantitative Analysis of Structure-Activity Relationships -- III. Approaches Toward Safer Insecticides -- IV. Concluding Remarks -- 4. Endocrine-Based Insecticides /Thomas C. Sparks -- I. Introduction -- II. Physiological Approaches to Insecticide Selectivity -- III. Approaches to Discovering New Insecticides -- IV. Exploiting the Insect Endocrine System -- V. Endocrine-Based Insecticides: Potential Modes of Action -- VI. Conclusions -- 5. Nervous-System-Based Insecticides /Mohyee E. Eldefrawi and Amira T. Eldefrawi -- I. Introduction -- II. Voltage-Dependent Ion Channels -- III. Neurotransmitter Receptors -- IV. Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Release -- V. Termination of Neurotransmitter Action -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- 6. Insecticides Based on Differences in Metabolic Pathways /Richard T. Mayer, G. Cunningham, and J. Gupton -- I. Introduction -- II. Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors -- III. Prostaglandins -- IV. Steroid Analogs as Insect Molting Hormone Inhibitors -- V. Conclusions -- 7. Inducers of Plant Resistance to Insects /Daniel C. Fischer, Marcos Kogan, and Patrick Greany -- I. Introduction -- II. Inducers of Plant Resistance or Susceptibility Against Insects -- III. Induction of Resistance by Growth Regulators, Plant Hormones, and Herbicides -- IV. Induction of Resistance by Previous Herbivory -- V. Potential Uses of Induced Resistance in Pest Management -- VI. Induced Resistance and Pest Management -- 8. Proinsecticides: Metabolically Activated Toxicants /Glenn D. Prestwich -- I. Fundamental Prodrug Concepts -- II. Proinsecticides as Prodrugs -- III. A Compendium of Proinsecticides -- IV. Future Design Strategies -- 9. Natural Products from Plants for the Control of Insect Pests /E. Arthur Bell, Linda E. Fellows, and -- Monique S. J, Simmonds -- I. Introduction -- II. Plant-Based Insecticides -- III. The Search for New Products -- IV. Toxins vs. Deterrents -- V. Insect Perception of Secondary Compounds -- VI. Plant Variability and Resistance to Insect Predation -- VII. Acquired Tolerance of Antiinsect Compounds in Specialist Feeders -- VIII. Conclusions -- 10. Viruses and Bacteria as Sources of Insecticides /C. Y. Kawanishi and C. A. Held -- I. Introduction -- II. Microbial Properties that Affect Pesticidal Use -- III. Viruses -- IV. Bacteria -- V. Biotechnology and the Future of Microbial Pesticides -- VI. Conclusions -- 11. Spider Toxins as Lead Structures for Novel Pesticides /Donald L. J. Quicke and Peter N. R. Usherwood -- I. Introduction -- II. Spider Taxonomy, Biology, and Toxinology -- III. Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Araneid Venoms -- IV. Neurophysiological Effects of Araneid -- Spider Venoms -- V. Conclusions -- 12. An Integrated Approach for Improvements in Application Technology /Franklin R. Hall -- I. Introduction -- II. Exposure Potentials with the Use of Agrichemicals -- III. Trends and Developments in Application Technology -- IV. Physics of Application -- V. Biological Requirements -- VI. Crop Protection Technology -- VII. Prospectus -- VIII. Future Needs -- IX. Conclusions -- 13. Improved Safety Through Reduction in Use of Existing Chemicals /A. M. Agnello and J. R. Bradley, Jr. -- I. Introduction -- II. Pesticide Reduction as a Result of New Approaches -- III. Pesticide Reduction as a Result of New Chemistry -- IV. Summary -- 14. Safety Considerations Relating to the Manufacture of Agrichemicals in the U.S. and the Third World Gustave /K. Kohn and Stephen J. Raab -- I. Introduction -- II. The Decision to Manufacture -- III. Cost-Benefit Analysis -- IV. Analytical Equipment and Its Upkeep -- V. Alternatives for Methyl Isocyanate and Phosgene -- VI. Chemical Aspects of Risk Reduction for the Manufacture of Carbamates (Urethanes) -- VII. Summary -- 15. Challenges: The Industrial Viewpoint /J. F. Engel, W. N. Harnish, and C. A. Staetz -- I. Introduction -- II. Market Considerations -- III. Industry Approaches -- IV. Constraints -- V. The Future -- Index.