PREFACE TO THE 10TH EDITION xv
In Memoriam George Paul Sutton (1920-2020) / xvii
1 Classification 1
1.1. Jet Propulsion / 2
1.2. Rocket Propulsion / 5
Chemical Rocket Propulsion / 5
Combinations of Air-Breathing Jet Engines and Rocket Motors / 8
Nuclear Rocket Engines / 10
Electric Rocket Propulsion (EP) / 11
Other Rocket Propulsion Concepts / 12
International Rocket Propulsion Effort / 13
1.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion / 14
Space Launch Vehicles / 14
Spacecraft / 19
Military and Other Applications / 20
References / 23
2 Definitions and Fundamentals 25
2.1. Definitions / 25
2.2. Thrust / 29
2.3. Exhaust Velocity / 31
2.4. Energy and Efficiencies / 32
2.5. Multiple Parallel Propulsion Systems / 35
2.6. Typical Performance Values / 36
2.7. Variable Thrust / 37
Symbols / 38
Greek Letters / 39
Problems / 39
References / 41
3 Nozzle Theory and Thermodynamic Relations 42
3.1. Ideal Rocket Propulsion Systems / 42
3.2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relations / 44
3.3. Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles / 47
Velocity / 48
Nozzle Flow and Throat Condition / 52
Thrust and Thrust Coefficient / 56
Characteristic Velocity and Specific Impulse / 59
Under- and Over-expanded Nozzles / 61
Influence of Chamber Geometry / 65
3.4. Nozzle Configurations / 66
Cone- and Bell-Shaped Nozzles / 66
3.5. Real Nozzles / 73
Boundary Layers / 73
Multiphase Flow / 75
Other Phenomena and Losses / 76
Performance Correction Factors / 76
3.6. Nozzle Alignment / 81
Symbols / 82
Greek Letters / 83
Subscripts / 83
Problems / 84
References / 86
4 Flight Performance 88
4.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight / 88
4.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere / 91
4.3. Basic Relations of Motion / 94
4.4. Space Flight / 100
Elliptical Orbits / 103
Deep Space / 106
Perturbations / 107
Mission Velocity / 110
4.5. Space Flight Maneuvers / 112
Reaction Control System (RCS) / 115
4.6. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance / 117
4.7. Flight Vehicles / 119
Multistage Vehicles in Series / 120
Stage Separation / 121
Launch Vehicles / 124
4.8. Military Missiles / 127
4.9. Flight Stability / 130
Symbols / 131
Greek Letters / 132
Subscripts / 133
Problems / 133
References / 134
5 Chemical Rocket Propellant Performance Analysis 136
5.1. Background and Fundamentals / 137
5.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions / 143
5.3. Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes / 147
5.4. Computer-Assisted Analysis / 150
5.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations / 151
Symbols / 162
Greek Letters / 163
Subscripts / 163
Problems / 163
References / 164
6 Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Fundamentals 165
6.1. Types of Propellants / 168
6.2. Propellant Tanks / 171
6.3. Propellant Feed Systems / 176
Local Pressures and Flows / 177
6.4. Gas Pressure Feed Systems / 178
6.5. Tank Pressurization / 183
Factors Influencing the Required Mass of Pressurizing Gas / 185
Simplified Analysis for the Mass of Pressurizing Gas / 186
6.6. Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles / 187
Engine Cycles / 188
6.7. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or Attitude Control / 196
6.8. Engine Families / 199
6.9. Valves and Pipelines / 200
6.10. Engine Support Structure / 204
Symbols / 205
Subscripts / 206
Problems / 206
References / 208
7 Liquid Propellants 210
7.1. Propellant Properties / 214
Economic Factors / 214
Performance of Propellants / 214
Common Physical Hazards / 215
Desirable Physical Properties of Propellants / 217
Ignition, Combustion, and Flame Properties / 218
Property Variations and Specifications / 219
Additives / 219
7.2. Liquid Oxidizers / 219
Liquid Oxygen (O2) (LOX) / 220
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) / 221
Nitric Acid (HNO3) / 221
Nitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4 or NTO) / 222
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) / 222
Oxidizer Cleaning Process / 223
7.3. Liquid Fuels / 223
Hydrocarbon Fuels / 223
Liquid Hydrogen / 224
Hydrazine (N2H4) / 225
Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine [(CH3)2NNH2] / 226
Monomethylhydrazine (CH3NHNH2) / 226
Metallic Hydrogen / 226
7.4. Liquid Monopropellants / 227
Hydrazine as a Monopropellant / 227
7.5. Gaseous Propellants / 230
7.6. Safety and Environmental Concerns / 231
Symbols / 232
Greek Letters / 232
Problems / 232
References / 234
8 Thrust Chambers 237
8.1. Injectors / 237
Injector Flow Characteristics / 246
Factors Influencing Injector Behavior / 248
8.2. Combustion Chamber and Nozzle / 250
Volume and Shape / 250
Heat Transfer Distribution / 252
Cooling of Thrust Chambers / 253
Hydraulic Losses in the Cooling Passage / 258
Thrust Chamber Wall Loads and Stresses / 259
8.3. Low-Thrust Rocket Thrust Chambers or Thrusters / 262
8.4. Materials and Fabrication / 265
Additive Manufacturing of Rocket Engine Components / 271
8.5. Heat Transfer Analysis / 272
General Steady-State Heat Transfer Relations / 272
Transient Heat Transfer Analysis / 276
Steady-State Transfer to Liquids in Cooling Channels / 278
Radiation / 281
8.6. Start-up and Ignition / 282
8.7. Useful Life of Thrust Chambers / 285
8.8. Random Variable Thrust / 286
8.9. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis / 287
Symbols / 296
Greek Letters / 297
Subscripts / 297
Problems / 297
References / 300
9 Liquid Propellant Combustion and its Stability 303
9.1. Combustion Process / 303
Injection/Atomization zone / 304
Rapid Combustion Zone / 306
Streamtube Combustion Zone / 306
9.2. Analysis and Simulation / 306
9.3. Combustion Instability / 307
Rating Techniques / 313
Control of Instabilities / 314
Symbols / 317
Problems / 317
References / 318
10 Turbopumps and their Gas Supplies 320
10.1. Introduction / 320
10.2. Descriptions of Several Turbopump Assemblies / 321
10.3. Selection of Turbopump Configuration / 325
10.4. Flow, Shaft Speeds, Power, and Pressure Balances / 329
10.5. Pumps / 330
Classification and Description / 330
Pump Parameters / 331
Influence of Propellants / 336
10.6. Turbines / 338
Classification and Description / 338
Turbine Performance and Design Considerations / 340
10.7. Approach to Turbopump Preliminary Design / 341
10.8. Gas Generators and Preburners / 344
Symbols / 345
Greek Letters / 346
Subscripts / 346
Problems / 346
References / 347
11 Engine Systems, Controls, and Integration 350
11.1. Propellant Budget / 350
11.2. Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion Systems / 352
11.3. Engine Design / 355
11.4. Engine Controls / 361
Control of Engine Starting and Thrust Buildup / 363
Automatic Controls / 368
Control by Computer / 369
11.5. Engine System Calibration / 371
Engine Health Monitoring System / 375
11.6. System Integration and Engine Optimization / 377
Symbols / 378
Greek Letters / 378
Subscripts / 378
Problems / 378
References / 379
12 Solid-propellant Rocket Motor Fundamentals 381
12.1. Basic Relations and Propellant Burning Rate / 388
Mass Flow Relations / 390
Burning Rate Relation with Pressure / 391
Burning Rate Relation with Ambient Temperature (Tb) / 394
Variable Burning Rate Exponent n / 397
Burning Enhancement by Erosion / 398
Other Burning Rate Enhancements / 400
12.2. Other Performance Issues / 401
12.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration / 405
Slivers / 412
12.4. Propellant Grain Stress and Strain / 413
Material Characterization / 414
Structural Design / 416
12.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid-Propellant Rocket Motors / 422
Symbols / 423
Greek Letters / 425
Subscripts / 425
Problems / 425
References / 427
13 Solid Rocket Propellants 431
13.1. Classification / 431
13.2. Propellant Characteristics / 436
13.3. Hazards / 442
Inadvertent Ignition / 442
Aging and Useful Life / 443
Case Overpressure and Failure / 443
Detonation Versus Deflagration / 444
Hazard Classification / 444
Insensitive Munitions / 445
Upper Pressure Limit / 447
Toxicity / 447
Safety Rules / 447
13.4. Propellant Ingredients / 447
Inorganic Oxidizers / 452
Fuels / 453
Binders / 453
Burning-Rate Modifiers / 454
Plasticizers / 454
Curing Agents or Crosslinkers / 454
Energetic Binders and Plasticizers / 455
Organic Oxidizers or Explosives / 455
Additives / 456
Particle-Size Parameters / 456
13.5. Other Propellant Categories / 458
Gas Generator Propellants / 458
Smokeless or Low-Smoke Propellant / 459
Igniter Propellants / 460
13.6. Liners, Insulators, and Inhibitors / 460
13.7. Propellant Processing and Manufacture / 463
Symbols / 466
Greek Letters / 466
Problems / 466
References / 468
14 Solid Propellant Combustion and its Stability 472
14.1. Physical and Chemical Processes / 472
14.2. Ignition Process / 475
14.3. Extinction or Thrust Termination / 476
14.4. Combustion Instability / 478
Acoustic Instabilities / 478
Analytical Models and Simulation of Combustion Stability / 481
Combustion Stability Assessment, Remedy, and Design / 482
Vortex-Shedding Instability / 484
Problems / 485
References / 485
15 Solid Rocket Motor Components and Design 488
15.1. Rocket Motor Case / 488
Metal Cases / 491
Wound-Filament-Reinforced Plastic Cases / 494
15.2. Nozzles / 496
Classification / 496
Design and Construction / 498
Heat Absorption and Nozzle Materials / 502
15.3. Igniter Hardware / 507
Pyrotechnic Igniters / 508
Pyrogen Igniters / 509
Igniter Analysis and Design / 511
15.4. Rocket Motor Design Approach / 512
Symbols / 518
Greek Letters / 518
Subscripts / 518
Problems / 519
References / 520
16 Hybrid Propellants Rocket Propulsion 523
16.1. Applications and Propellants / 525
16.2. Hybrid Rocket Engine Interior Ballistics / 528
16.3. Performance Analysis and Grain Configuration / 531
Dynamic Behavior / 533
16.4. Design Example / 535
16.5. Combustion Instability / 539
Symbols / 542
Greek Letters / 543
Problems / 543
References / 544
17 Electric Propulsion 547
17.1. Ideal Flight Performance / 552
17.2. Electrothermal Thrusters / 556
Resistojets / 556
Arcjets / 558
17.3. Nonthermal Electrical Thrusters / 562
Electrostatic Devices / 562
Basic Relationships for Electrostatic Thrusters / 563
Electromagnetic Thrusters / 569
17.4. Optimum Flight Performance / 575
17.5. Mission Applications / 579
17.6. Electric Space-power Supplies and Power-conditioning Systems / 580
Power Generation Units / 581
Power-Conditioning Equipment (PCU or PPU) / 583
Symbols / 584
Greek Letters / 585
Problems / 586
References / 588
References for Table: 17-7 / 590
18 Thrust Vector Control (TVC) 591
18.1. TVC Mechanisms with a Single Nozzle / 593
18.2. TVC with Multiple Thrust Chambers or Nozzles / 601
18.3. Testing / 603
18.4. Integration with Vehicle / 605
Problems / 606
References / 606
19 Selection of Rocket Propulsion Systems 608
19.1. Selection Process / 610
19.2. Criteria for Selection / 614
19.3. Interfaces / 616
19.4. Cost Reduction / 616
19.5. Optimization Results / 618
References / 620
20 Rocket Exhaust Plumes 621
20.1. Plume Appearance and Flow Behavior / 621
Spectral Distribution of Radiation / 627
Multiple Nozzles / 630
Plume Signature / 630
Vehicle Base Geometry and Recirculation / 631
Compression and Expansion Waves / 632
20.2. Plume Effects / 633
Smoke and Vapor Trails / 633
Toxicity / 634
Noise / 634
Spacecraft Surface Contamination / 635
Radio Signal Attenuation / 636
Plume Impingement on Structures / 637
Heat Transfer to Clusters of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines / 637
20.3. Analysis and Mathematical Simulation / 638
Problems / 638
References / 639
21 Rocket Testing 641
21.1. Types of Tests / 641
21.2. Test Facilities and Safeguards / 643
Monitoring the Environment and Controlling Toxic Materials / 646
21.3. Instrumentation and Data Management / 648
Measurement System Terminology / 649
Test Measurements / 650
Health Monitoring System (HMS) / 651
21.4. Flight Testing / 652
21.5. Postaccident Procedures / 652
Symbols / 653
References / 653
Appendix 1 Conversion Factors and Constants 655
Conversion Factors (Arranged Alphabetically) / 655
Constants / 657
Appendix 2 Properties of the Earth's Standard Atmosphere 658
Appendix 3 Summary of Key Equations for Ideal Chemical Rockets 659
Appendix 4 Rockets Book Calculator 662
Index 665
