| Introduction: Concept of Risk | p. 1 |
| The Multidimensionality of Risk | p. 1 |
| Definitions of Risk | p. 2 |
| Overview | p. 2 |
| Risk Defined as an Event Where the Outcome Is Uncertain | p. 3 |
| New Risk Definition | p. 8 |
| Implications for Risk Perception | p. 9 |
| Normative Implications | p. 11 |
| Classification of Risk Problems | p. 12 |
| Social Constructivism Versus Realism | p. 14 |
| Characteristics of Risks in the Modern World | p. 17 |
| New Challenges to Risk Governance | p. 17 |
| The Emergence of Systemic Risks | p. 18 |
| Risk Perspectives | p. 21 |
| Purpose of a Comparative Review | p. 21 |
| The Technical Risk Perspective | p. 21 |
| The Economic Perspective | p. 28 |
| The Psychological Perspective | p. 32 |
| The Social Science Perspective | p. 34 |
| Cultural Theory of Risk | p. 38 |
| Integrated Perspectives | p. 40 |
| Social Amplification of Risk | p. 41 |
| The Concept of Risk Types According to the WBGU | p. 43 |
| The UK Cabinet Office Approach | p. 47 |
| The Consequence-Uncertainty Framework | p. 48 |
| The Risk Governance Framework of the IRGC | p. 48 |
| Risk Governance: An Overview | p. 49 |
| Key Concept: Governance | p. 49 |
| Definition | p. 49 |
| The "Traditional" Understanding of Risk Governance | p. 50 |
| The New Concept of Risk Governance | p. 53 |
| Motivation and Major Innovations of the Framework | p. 53 |
| Scope of the Framework | p. 54 |
| The Components of the Risk Governance Framework | p. 57 |
| Wider Governance Issues | p. 61 |
| Prerequisites of Good Governance | p. 63 |
| Principles of Good Governance | p. 64 |
| Pre-assessment and Framing of Risk | p. 67 |
| Risk Appraisal | p. 71 |
| Concept of Risk Appraisal | p. 71 |
| Appraising Complexity, Uncertainty and Ambiguity | p. 72 |
| Risk Assessment | p. 75 |
| Generic Steps and Features of Risk Assessment | p. 75 |
| The Meaning of Probabilities in Risk Assessment | p. 76 |
| Statistical Methods: Overview | p. 80 |
| Traditional Statistical Analysis | p. 82 |
| Bayesian Analysis | p. 83 |
| Risk Assessment for Accident Risks | p. 84 |
| Probabilistic Risk Assessments | p. 85 |
| Concern Assessment | p. 93 |
| Concern Classifications | p. 93 |
| Insights into Risk Perception Research | p. 94 |
| Concern Assessment Approaches and Methods | p. 102 |
| A Practical Example: Assessing Risks Related to Social Concerns | p. 102 |
| Risk Characterization and Evaluation | p. 107 |
| Overview of Characterization and Evaluation | p. 107 |
| Risk Characterization | p. 108 |
| Risk Evaluation | p. 112 |
| Cases | p. 114 |
| Pre-defined Risk Tolerability Limits and ALARP | p. 117 |
| Risk Management | p. 121 |
| Objectives of Risk Management | p. 121 |
| Steps of Risk Management | p. 122 |
| Identification and Generation of Risk Management Options | p. 122 |
| Assessment of Risk Management Options with Respect to Predefined Criteria | p. 123 |
| Evaluation of Risk Management Options | p. 124 |
| Selection of Risk Management Options | p. 124 |
| Implementation of Risk Management Options | p. 125 |
| Monitoring of Option Performance | p. 125 |
| Risk-Management Strategies Based on Risk Characteristics | p. 126 |
| Linear (Routine) Risk Problems | p. 126 |
| Complex Risk Problems | p. 127 |
| Risk Problems Due to High Unresolved Uncertainty | p. 128 |
| Risk Problems Due to Interpretative and Normative Ambiguity | p. 129 |
| Managing Interdependencies | p. 130 |
| Risk Management Tools: CBA and Decision Analysis | p. 133 |
| Different Types of Decision Support Tools and Typical Procedures for Their Use | p. 133 |
| Cost-Benefit Analysis | p. 137 |
| Decision Analysis | p. 143 |
| Discussion | p. 155 |
| Risk Communication | p. 159 |
| Introduction | p. 159 |
| Context Matters: Risk Communication in Perspective | p. 160 |
| The Three Levels of Risk Debates | p. 160 |
| The Characteristics of the Audience: Addressing Different Subcultures in Society | p. 163 |
| Different Types of Audiences | p. 165 |
| Responding to Risk Communication Needs | p. 167 |
| Functions of Risk Communication | p. 167 |
| Function 1: Coping with Risk Perception | p. 169 |
| Function 2: Persuasion and Behavioral Change | p. 171 |
| Function 3: Enhancing Trust and Credibility | p. 175 |
| Lessons Learned for Risk Communication | p. 177 |
| Stakeholder and Public Involvement | p. 181 |
| Introduction | p. 181 |
| Coping with the Plurality of Knowledge and Values | p. 183 |
| Review of Participatory Instruments | p. 186 |
| Classification | p. 186 |
| Instruments for the Epistemic Discourse (pool 1) | p. 186 |
| Instruments for the Reflective Discourse (pool 2) | p. 188 |
| Instruments for the Participatory Discourse (pool 3) | p. 190 |
| Synthesis of Components | p. 193 |
| The Model of Cooperative Discourse | p. 194 |
| Structure of the Cooperative Discourse | p. 194 |
| Experiences with the Cooperative Discourse Model | p. 196 |
| Lessons Learned for Stakeholder and Public Involvement | p. 199 |
| Case Study 1: Risk Governance of Nanotechnology | p. 201 |
| Introduction | p. 201 |
| Pre-assessment | p. 201 |
| Risk Appraisal | p. 203 |
| Characterization and Evaluation | p. 205 |
| Risk Management | p. 206 |
| Risk Communication | p. 207 |
| Stakeholder Involvement | p. 208 |
| Overview | p. 208 |
| Integration | p. 209 |
| Inclusion | p. 209 |
| Criteria of Good Governance for Nanotechnologies | p. 210 |
| Conclusions | p. 213 |
| Case Study 2: Cash Depot and Third Party Risk | p. 215 |
| Pre-assessment | p. 215 |
| Risk Appraisal | p. 216 |
| Risk Assessment | p. 216 |
| Concern Assessment and Risk Perception | p. 222 |
| Tolerability and Acceptability Judgement | p. 223 |
| Risk Characterization | p. 223 |
| Risk Evaluation | p. 224 |
| Risk Management | p. 225 |
| Risk Reducing Measures | p. 225 |
| Decision-Making | p. 226 |
| Risk Communication | p. 227 |
| Case Study 3: Year-Round Petroleum Activities in the Barents Sea | p. 229 |
| Pre-assessment | p. 229 |
| Risk Appraisal | p. 229 |
| Risk Assessments | p. 229 |
| Concern Assessment | p. 230 |
| Risk Tolerability and Acceptability | p. 231 |
| Risk Characterization | p. 231 |
| Risk Evaluation | p. 231 |
| Risk Management | p. 232 |
| Risk Reducing Measures | p. 232 |
| Decision Making | p. 232 |
| Risk Communication | p. 233 |
| Discussion | p. 233 |
| Conclusions | p. 235 |
| Appendix | p. 239 |
| References | p. 245 |
| Index | p. 271 |
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