| Acknowledgments | p. xi |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Representation and Democracy | p. 17 |
| Representation in Democratic Theory and History | p. 18 |
| Three Theories of Representation | p. 20 |
| Continuity, Rupture, and People's Negative Power | p. 25 |
| Discord and the Ballot, or Presence through Speech and Ideas | p. 30 |
| Partisanship as an Active Manifestation of the General | p. 35 |
| Proportional Fairness and the Dual Nature of Equality | p. 40 |
| Advocacy | p. 44 |
| Representativity | p. 49 |
| Rethinking Popular Sovereignty | p. 52 |
| Rousseau's Unrepresentable Sovereign | p. 60 |
| Either Delegates or Representatives | p. 62 |
| Sovereign Unity: Symbiotic or Symbolic? | p. 66 |
| Two Models of Unification | p. 69 |
| The Sovereignty of the Will | p. 72 |
| A Privatistic Model of Delegation | p. 75 |
| The Travel Agent and a Minimalist Participation | p. 76 |
| Imagination, Speech, and Deception | p. 79 |
| The Deliberative Judgment of the Few | p. 83 |
| Asking the Right Question | p. 85 |
| Paradoxes of Minimalism | p. 88 |
| Reflection and the Rule of Immediacy | p. 90 |
| The Time and Space of Politics and the Paradox of a Punctuated Freedom | p. 94 |
| Will and Judgment: The Kantian Revision | p. 101 |
| Freedom from the Externality of the Presence | p. 102 |
| The Subterranean Work of Informal Sovereignty | p. 106 |
| Individual Atoms in a Participatory Void | p. 111 |
| The Soft Power of Judgment | p. 115 |
| Ideology and the Representing Faculty of Imagination | p. 119 |
| The Fiction of As If | p. 124 |
| Genera of Judgment | p. 126 |
| Political Dependence | p. 130 |
| Common Opinion and the Revolution | p. 135 |
| A Nation of Electors: Sieye's Model of Representative Government | p. 138 |
| All Human Relations Are Representative | p. 140 |
| Interest and Competence as Unifying Factors | p. 141 |
| Exchange versus Barter: Democracy Is Primitivism | p. 144 |
| The Currency of Electoral Consent | p. 146 |
| The Metamorphosis of the Citizen into the Elector | p. 147 |
| Passive and Active Freedom | p. 149 |
| The Symbolic Sovereignty of the Nation | p. 152 |
| The Impolitical Category of Competence | p. 155 |
| Thomas Paine and the Perfecting of Simple Democracy | p. 162 |
| The Sovereign Nation and Federalism's Threat | p. 162 |
| Democratic Republicanism | p. 167 |
| Democracy Surpassing Itself | p. 172 |
| A Republic of Citizens: Condorcet's Indirect Democracy | p. 176 |
| The Longue Dure of the Democratic Project in the Age of Representation | p. 177 |
| Perpetual Innovation versus Immediate Politics | p. 181 |
| The Secularization of Origins: Democracy as a Time-Regime | p. 184 |
| Indirect Despotism | p. 187 |
| The Syllogism of Democratic Constitutionalism | p. 190 |
| Democratic Moderation and the Principle of Collegiality | p. 194 |
| Democratizing Deliberation | p. 197 |
| Multiplying the Times and Places of Deliberation | p. 201 |
| A Cooperative Enterprise | p. 205 |
| Primary Assemblies and the Special Terrain of Politics | p. 207 |
| Sovereignty of Surveillance | p. 213 |
| Breaking and Restoring Trust | p. 216 |
| Conclusion: A Surplus of Politics | p. 223 |
| Notes | p. 229 |
| Bibliography | p. 293 |
| Index | p. 317 |
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