Citizenship in the nineteenth-century United States was an ever-moving target. The Constitution did not specify its exact meaning, leaving lawmakers and other Americans to struggle over the fundamental questions of who could be a citizen, how a person attained the status, and the particular privileges citizenship afforded. Indeed, as late as 1862, U.S. Attorney General Edward Bates observed that citizenship was "now as little understood in its details and elements, and the question as open to argument and speculative criticism as it was at the founding of the Government."
Black people suffered under this ambiguity, but also seized on it in efforts to transform their nominal freedom. By claiming that they were citizens in their demands for specific rights, they were, Christopher James Bonner argues, at the center of creating the very meaning of American citizenship. In the decades before and after Bates's lament, free African Americans used newspapers, public gatherings, and conventions to make arguments about who could be a citizen, the protections citizenship entailed, and the obligations it imposed. They thus played a vital role in the long, fraught process of determining who belonged in the nation and the terms of that belonging.
Remaking the Republic chronicles the various ways African Americans from a wide range of social positions throughout the North attempted to give meaning to American citizenship over the course of the nineteenth century. Examining newpsapers, state and national conventions, public protest meetings, legal cases, and fugitive slave rescues, Bonner uncovers a spirited debate about rights and belonging among African Americans, the stakes of which could determine their place in U.S. society and shape the terms of citizenship for all Americans.
Industry Reviews
"In Remaking the Republic, Christopher James Bonner examines the early political struggles of free African Americans that helped to define citizenship after the Civil War, as well as the tools they used...One of the strengths of Bonner's book lies in his recovering of the ideas and lives of the largely unknown Black activists involved in these conventions, like Samuel H. Davis and William C. Munroe." (The New York Review of Books) "Remaking the Republic makes an important contribution to the intellectual, political, and legal history of the United States...[N]ot simply a snapshot of free Black Americans' lives in the nineteenth century, [it] is also an origin story that acknowledges and critically surveys the integral role of free Black Americans in the making of American citizenship." (Journal of the Civil War Era) "Christopher James Bonner's Remaking the Republic is a fascinating study of African Americans' struggle to be recognized as citizens in the antebellum and Civil War-era United States. . . . Remaking the Republic is an invaluable contribution to the growing body of work demonstrating the extent to which African Americans were responsible for achieving their own liberation in the United States and beyond." (Intellectual History Review) "Christopher Bonner's well-researched book deftly explores specific forms of political work that Black activists pursued in the fight for citizenship in the United States...Bonner's writing and analysis compels readers to appreciate the diversity of thought as a hallmark of Black protest politics and the intellectual labor of Black activists in constructing the American Republic." (Early American Literature) "[A] rich analysis of how American citizenship was fashioned and defended by African American politicking...By emphasizing the influence of Black activism on the development of American citizenship, Bonner reinforces the need for historians to explore extra-legal modes of belonging. Ultimately, the texture of what it means to be an American citizen can only be fully understood through the lens of those making claims to it." (American Nineteenth Century History) "In Remaking the Republic, Christopher James Bonner provides a detailed account of how African Americans, especially in the antebellum North, participated in a constitutional dialogue about who is a "citizen" and about what legal and political rights go along with citizenship.Bonner has mined primary resources to produce a scholarly gem that enriches our knowledge on this valuable subject." (The North Carolina Historical Review) "How could free black people in the antebellum era, relegated to an apparent caste status, sustain hope in a future in America? By making and remaking the idea of legal belonging through a fascinating array of grassroots politics and protest, argues Christopher James Bonner. With deep research and persuasive writing, Bonner demonstrates that the sheer 'uncertainty' of American definitions of citizenship opened ways on the margins for blacks to exploit and forge the developing republic before emancipation. This book is full of riveting stories about race and the American political imagination, of how freedom and citizenship took root in a hostile legal soil, and about the enduring power of collective struggle, however rancorous the schisms or how high the racist obstacles. Antebellum blacks used events and the nation's own creeds to make their future American." (David W. Blight, author of the Pulitizer Prize-winning Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom) "Remaking the Republic is a must read for anyone seeking to understand how citizenship has evolved in the United States. Christopher James Bonner show us how black Americans were the first architects of national belonging in the early republic. His ambitious research tells a story about how they countered the racism of colonization schemes and black laws with a shrewd insistence upon their rights as citizens. This inspiring quest contains indispensable lessons about the past and for our own time." (Martha Jones, author of Birthright Citizens: A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America) "By taking us inside black activists' multifaceted fight for inclusion across much of the nineteenth century, Christopher James Bonner has crafted one of the most compelling, comprehensive stories about black citizenship in all its many manifestations to date." (Anne Twitty, author of Before Dred Scott: Slavery and Legal Culture in the American Confluence, 1787-1857)
