Real-time Systems

Modeling, Design And Applications

By: Aurel Cornell (Editor), Dan Ionescu (Editor)

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Hardcover | 6 March 2007

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504 Pages

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This book collects the research work of leading-edge researchers and practitioners in the areas of analysis, synthesis, design and implementation of real-time systems with applications in various industrial fields. Their works are grouped into six parts, together encompassing twenty chapters. Each part is devoted to a mainstream subject, the chapters therein developing one of the major aspects of real-time system theory, modeling, design, and practical applications. Starting with a general approach in the area of formalization of real-time systems, and setting the foundations for a general systemic theory of those systems, the book covers everything from building modeling frameworks for various types of real-time systems, to verification, and synthesis. Other parts of the book deal with subjects related to tools and applications of these systems. A special part is dedicated to languages used for their modeling and design. The applications presented in the book reveal precious insights into practitioners' secrets.

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Non-Fiction Computing & I.T.Databases Data Capture & Analysis Computer Science Systems Analysis & Design Graphical & Digital Media Applications 3D Graphics & Modelling Booktopia Publisher Services World Scientific Publishing

Preface	p. vii
Theoretical Aspects of Real-Time Systems	p. 1
A Discrete Model for Real-Time Environments	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Time and Events	p. 4
Discrete Real-Time Systems	p. 8
Composition and Decomposition of iDRTS Structures	p. 9
DRTS as Algebras	p. 14
A Model for Sequential Processes	p. 18
Conclusions	p. 24
Distributed Synchronous Processes	p. 25
Introduction: Real-Time and Reactive Systems	p. 25
Reactive Programming: Asynchronism versus Strong Synchronism	p. 28
The Weak Synchronous Paradigm	p. 31
CoReA: A Weak Synchronous Process Algebra	p. 32
Abstract Syntax	p. 32
Weak Synchronous Operational Semantics	p. 34
Transition	p. 36
Inaction	p. 36
Case	p. 36
Concurrency	p. 37
Recursion	p. 37
Congruence	p. 39
Equational Laws	p. 41
Brief Comparison with CCS	p. 43
Application to Distributed Reactive Programming	p. 43
Esterel: Brief Overview	p. 44
EC = Esterel + CoReA	p. 45
Towards Weak Synchronous Distributed Implementations	p. 47
Protocol SB (Single Bus)	p. 49
Application to Embedded Systems	p. 52
Conclusion	p. 54
A Model of Probabilistic Processes	p. 57
Introduction	p. 58
Syntax of PCSP	p. 59
Domain of Probabilistic Processes	p. 60
Operator Semantics	p. 62
Simple Operators	p. 63
External Choice	p. 63
Parallel Composition	p. 64
Recursion	p. 65
Example	p. 66
Testing Semantics	p. 67
Probabilistic Tests	p. 67
Simple Operators	p. 69
External Choice	p. 69
Continuation of a Process after an Action in a State	p. 73
Conclusion	p. 75
Modeling and Proving Grafcets with Transition Systems	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Grafcet	p. 77
Graphical Elements	p. 78
Temporal Aspect	p. 78
Evolution Rules and Interpretation	p. 79
First Modeling	p. 80
Transition System	p. 80
Synchronization Constraints	p. 81
Temporization	p. 83
Limits	p. 85
Second Modeling	p. 86
Construction of Basic Transition Systems	p. 86
Building of the Global Transition System	p. 88
Proof	p. 89
Second Modeling	p. 89
First Modeling	p. 92
Example and Results	p. 93
Example	p. 93
Results	p. 94
Conclusion	p. 96
Focus Points and Convergent Process Operators	p. 97
Introduction	p. 97
Preliminaries	p. 99
A Short Description of [Mu]CRL	p. 99
Linear Process Operators	p. 100
Internal Actions	p. 104
Sufficient Conditions for the Equality of LPOs	p. 104
Abstraction and Idle Loops	p. 111
Examples	p. 117
The Concurrent Alternating Bit Protocol	p. 119
Specification	p. 119
Expansion	p. 122
Invariant	p. 124
Abstraction and focus points	p. 125
Verification Methods for Real-Time Systems	p. 135
The Automatic Verification Using Symbolic Model-Checking	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
Specification Method for Real-Time Systems	p. 139
Specification by Timed Buchi Automaton	p. 139
Generation of Timed Kripke Structure	p. 141
Real-Time Temporal Logic	p. 143
Verification Algorithm for Real-Time Symbolic Model Checking	p. 144
Inverse Image Computation	p. 144
DBMs (Differences Bounds Matrices)	p. 145
Reachability Analysis (Test Timing Constraints)	p. 145
Real-Time Symbolic Model Checking	p. 147
The Verification System	p. 149
Configuration of the Verification System	p. 149
Verification Example	p. 149
Specification	p. 149
Verification	p. 150
Conclusion	p. 152
Property Verification within a Process Algebra Framework	p. 153
Introduction	p. 153
The Circal Process Algebra	p. 154
Informal Semantics	p. 155
Formal Semantics	p. 157
The Methodology	p. 158
Constraint-Based Modeling	p. 159
A Temporal Logic for Simultaneous Actions	p. 161
The Representation of Properties	p. 164
Formula-Based Characterization	p. 165
Model-Based Characterization	p. 169
Discussion and Future Work	p. 173
Synthesis Methods for Real-Time Systems	p. 175
Verifying Real-Time Systems with Standard Tools	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
Timed Transition Models	p. 180
TTM Semantics	p. 182
Real-Time Temporal Logic	p. 184
An Example of a TTM	p. 185
Translating Timed into Fair Systems	p. 186
The Conversion Procedure	p. 189
Verifying Clocked Properties	p. 190
A Real-Time Mutual Exclusion Protocol Example	p. 191
Conclusion	p. 195
Beyond the Verification Approach: The Synthesis Approach	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
Supervisory Control Theory	p. 199
Preliminaries	p. 200
Synthesis Procedures	p. 203
Synthesis Algorithms for Totally Observed DES	p. 204
Wonham and Ramadge Synthesis Algorithm	p. 205
Barbeau, Kabanza, and St-Denis Synthesis Algorithm	p. 208
Barbeau, Kabanza, and St-Denis Synthesis Algorithm (Safety Properties)	p. 210
Description of the Experiment	p. 211
Performance Study	p. 215
Conclusion	p. 217
Extensions to Formal Languages	p. 219
Testing Semantics for Urgent Timed Process Algebras	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Syntax	p. 222
Operational Semantics	p. 223
Testing Semantics	p. 224
Operational Characterization	p. 226
Sets of States	p. 226
States of a Process	p. 227
Barbs	p. 228
Congruence	p. 234
Conclusions and Future Work	p. 235
Compositional Model for Formal Development of Real-Time Systems Design	p. 237
Introduction	p. 237
Graphical Temporal Representation	p. 238
Interprocess Communication	p. 240
Interprocess I/O Operators	p. 241
Interprocess Composition Operators	p. 241
Synchronous and Asynchronous Operators	p. 241
Composition of Temporal and Interprocess Models	p. 244
Syntax of the Compositional Model	p. 244
Temporal Semantics of the Compositional Model	p. 246
Operational Semantics of the Compositional Model	p. 248
The Simulation of an Inspection Station	p. 249
Time Extended LOTOS	p. 253
Operational Semantics of Time Extended LOTOS	p. 253
Conversion Rules among LOTOS Operands and Interprocess Composition Operands	p. 255
The Conversion of the Inspection Station Example	p. 257
Related Work	p. 261
Conclusions and Further Work	p. 261
Tools for Real-Time Systems	p. 263
RALE: An Environment for Simulation and Transformations	p. 265
Introduction	p. 265
Motivation	p. 265
Didactic and Industrial Objectives	p. 266
Scope and Limitations of this Work	p. 267
Overview of the Environment	p. 267
Overview of the PADD notation	p. 267
Introduction	p. 267
Mathematical semantics	p. 268
Explicit parallelism and communication	p. 268
Parametric abstract types and monitors	p. 268
DD schema embedded documentation	p. 269
An example	p. 269
Ramon Llull	p. 271
Prior Usage	p. 271
Some System Forms and Transformations	p. 271
Introduction	p. 271
Sequential (SQ) Form	p. 272
Communicating Sequential (CS) Form	p. 272
To Connections Interface Transformation (T[subscript ci])	p. 272
Simple Cyclic (SC) Form	p. 273
Structural (ST) Form	p. 273
To Communicating Process Transformation (T[subscript cp])	p. 273
Communication-Extended Abstract Types	p. 274
Algebraic Framework	p. 275
Introduction	p. 275
Equivalences for Parallel Communicating Processes	p. 275
Algebraic Semantics of Communications	p. 276
Time Interval Algebra	p. 277
Methods and Tools	p. 278
Documentation	p. 278
Purely Communicating System Modeling and Specification	p. 279
Simulation	p. 279
Allocation-Mapping Transformation	p. 279
Communications Simplification	p. 280
System Refinement Based on CATs	p. 281
Proper Monitor Elimination Transformation (T[subscript me])	p. 281
Conclusion and Future Work	p. 283
Analysis of Real-Time Systems Using OSA	p. 285
Introduction	p. 285
Object-Interaction Models	p. 287
Object-Behavior Models	p. 292
Object-Relationship Model	p. 301
Tunable Formalism	p. 305
State of OSA	p. 306
Conclusion	p. 307
Algebraic Implementation of Model Checking Algorithms	p. 309
Introduction	p. 309
Algebraic Specification of CTL	p. 312
Algebraic Implementation of a Model Checker	p. 318
Structure of an Algebraic Compiler	p. 318
The Macro Processor Generating Satisfiability Sets	p. 321
Generating a Model Checker Program	p. 323
Implementing the Macro Processor M[subscript Asets]	p. 325
Conclusions	p. 326
Industrial Applications of Real-Time Systems	p. 329
An Automaton Based Algebra for Specifying Robotic Agents	p. 331
Introduction	p. 331
Related Work	p. 332
Example	p. 333
Our Framework	p. 334
Elementary Processes	p. 336
Composition Operators	p. 337
Synthesis Example	p. 342
Conclusion	p. 344
A Three-Level Analysis of a Simple Acceleration Maneuver, with Uncertainties	p. 345
Introduction	p. 345
Hybrid Input/Output Automata	p. 346
Mathematical Preliminaries	p. 348
Assumptions about the Constants	p. 348
Some Useful Functions	p. 348
Function f	p. 348
Function g	p. 349
Function f[subscript 1]	p. 349
Function h	p. 350
High Level Specification V	p. 351
Overview	p. 351
Formal Description	p. 352
Derivative Automaton D	p. 353
Formal Description	p. 353
Some Properties of D	p. 355
D Implements V	p. 357
An Approximate Result	p. 359
Modifications to V and D to Incorporate Periodic Feedback	p. 360
Modified High Level Specification V[subscript 1]	p. 360
Modified Derivative Automaton D[subscript 1]	p. 361
Modified Correctness Proof	p. 361
The Implementation Impl	p. 363
Vehicle	p. 363
Controller	p. 365
Impl	p. 366
Impl Implements D[subscript 1]	p. 368
Discussion	p. 371
Interface Specifications with Conjunctive Timing Constraints	p. 375
Introduction	p. 375
Timing Diagram Specifications	p. 376
Causal Partitions over TD Specifications	p. 381
Compatibility of Realizable Timing Diagrams	p. 385
Extension to Cyclic Behaviors	p. 388
Conclusions	p. 392
Experiments on a Fault Tolerant Distributed System	p. 393
Introduction	p. 393
The Experiment Context	p. 394
The Modulor Project	p. 394
Analyzed Mechanisms and Their Properties	p. 395
Targeted Experiments	p. 400
Synchronization Validation with Spin	p. 401
Promela	p. 401
Specification of the Particular Case	p. 401
Generalization	p. 402
Properties	p. 404
Verification	p. 405
The Analysis of the Detection Mechanisms	p. 405
Validation of the Communication Strategy with Spin	p. 406
Specification	p. 406
Properties and Verification	p. 407
Validation of the Local Detection with Kronos	p. 408
Timed Automata	p. 408
Specification	p. 409
Properties	p. 410
Verification	p. 411
Discussion	p. 412
Specifying Multi-Level Security for an Embedded Real-Time Control System	p. 415
Introduction	p. 415
An Avionics Real-Time Embedded Computer System	p. 418
The TCSEC Guidelines	p. 420
Security Policy	p. 421
Accountability	p. 423
Assurance and Documentation	p. 423
Multi-Level Security	p. 424
LOTOS	p. 425
Using LOTOS in the Assurance Cycle	p. 426
LOTOS Specifications	p. 426
The Formal Security Model	p. 427
Separability	p. 428
Restrictiveness	p. 431
Specifying Security of Networked Processors	p. 431
TNIU Mechanism	p. 432
Resettable Processors	p. 436
A Security Policy Approach	p. 438
Conclusion	p. 439
An Algebraic Framework for the Feature Interaction Problem	p. 441
Motivation and Background	p. 441
Basic Concepts and Notation	p. 442
A Method for Analyzing and Detecting Feature Interactions	p. 444
Specification of Features in the Context of a System (Step 1)	p. 444
Integration versus Composition of Features (Steps 2 and 3)	p. 448
Derivation of Test Cases to Detect Interactions (Step 4)	p. 450
Executing the System and Analysing the Results (Steps 5 and 6)	p. 455
Conclusions and Research Directions	p. 455
Algebraic Specification	p. 457
Bibliography	p. 459
Index	p. 479
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Real-time Systems

Modeling, Design And Applications

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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