About the Editors xvii
1 Mechanistic Understanding of Sputtering 1
Ashwini Kumar, Gong Yong
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Fundamentals of Sputtering 4
1.3 Types of Sputtering 8
1.4 Theoretical Models of Sputtering 11
1.5 Mechanistic Pathways in Sputtering 15
1.6 Mechanistic Parameters Influencing Sputtering 19
1.7 Experimental Observations and Characterization 23
1.8 Applications of Sputtering 27
1.9 Challenges and Future Perspectives 31
1.10 Conclusion 32
2 Advancements in Sputtering Experimental Setup 37
Arpana Agrawal
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Fundamentals of Sputtering 39
2.3 Conventional Sputtering Setups 49
2.4 Technological Advancements in Sputtering Experimental Setup 51
2.5 Impact on Film Properties and Device Performance 54
2.6 Challenges and Future Directions 55
2.7 Conclusion 57
3 Phenomenological Understanding of Film Growth by Sputtering 63
Minaxi Sharma, Mayora Varshney
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 BGM 67
3.3 SZM 68
3.4 BDMs 69
3.5 Rate Equation and Nucleation Models 70
3.6 KMC Simulations 73
3.7 Continuum Models 76
3.8 MD Simulations 78
4 Atomic-scale Understanding of Sputtering-assisted Film Growth by X-ray Techniques 85
Kavita Kumari, Sameer Saharan, Sarita Khaturia, Shalendra Kumar
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Overview of Sputtering-assisted Film Growth 86
4.3 Role of X-ray Techniques in Atomic-scale Analysis 88
4.4 Linking Growth Conditions to Crystalline Structure 91
4.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 96
5 Ion Beam Sputtering 99
Ratnesh K Pandey, Sachin Pathak
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Physics of Ionâ"Solid Interactions 100
5.3 IBS Systems 109
5.4 Surface Topography and Nanopatterning 111
5.5 Applications 112
5.6 Emerging Trends and Future Scope 113
5.7 Conclusion 113
6 High-power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering 117
Bhagwanti Bishnoi, Anju Dhillon, Mayora Varshney
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Fundamentals of HPPMS 123
6.3 Discharge Mechanism in HPPMS 127
6.4 Deposition Process and Surface Interactions 130
6.5 Advantages of HPPMS 133
6.6 Comparison of HPPMS with Other Sputtering Techniques 135
6.7 Applications of HPPMS 138
6.8 Challenges and Limitations of HPPMS 140
6.9 Future Outlook 142
6.10 Conclusion 143
7 Reactive Magnetron Sputtering 147
Gong Yong, Ashwini Kumar
7.1 Introduction 147
7.2 Fundamentals of Magnetron Sputtering 153
7.3 Reactive Sputtering Mechanism and Process Control 158
7.4 Applications of Reactive Magnetron Sputtering 163
7.5 Recent Advances and Trends in Reactive Magnetron Sputtering 165
7.6 Summary 168
8 Epitaxial Growth via Radio-frequency Sputtering Process 171
Arpana Agrawal
8.1 Introduction 171
8.2 Fundamentals of RF Sputtering 172
8.3 Mechanisms of Epitaxial Growth in RF Sputtering 174
8.4 Experimental Parameters Influencing Epitaxy 175
8.5 Substrate Considerations 177
8.6 Process Enhancements for Epitaxial Growth 179
8.7 Structural and Morphological Characterization 181
8.8 Epitaxial Films via RF Sputtering 183
8.9 Complex Materials 186
8.10 Challenges and Limitations 188
8.11 Recent Advances and Emerging Directions 189
8.12 Conclusion 190
9 Radio-frequency (RF)-sputtered Thin-film Solar Cells' Applications 195
Abdelaal. S. A. Ahmed, Xiujian Zhao, Suliman Eltayeb Elhadi
9.1 Introduction 195
9.2 Fundamental Principles of RF Sputtering 198
9.3 RF Deposition Techniques for Third-generation Solar Cells 200
9.4 Conclusion and Outlook 215
10 Antireflection Coating Materials and Radio-frequency Sputtering 225
Namita Dutta Gupta, Rajesh Das
10.1 Introduction 225
10.2 How ARCs Work in Solar Cells 227
10.3 Single-layer ARC (SLARC) 229
10.4 Double-layer ARC or DLARC 230
10.5 MLARC 231
10.6 Fabrication Techniques for ARC Development 232
10.7 Applications of ARC in Solar Cells 233
10.8 Advantages of Using ARC in Solar Panels 234
10.9 Specific Examples of RF-sputtered ARCs 235
10.10 Literature Survey of Application of RF-sputtered ARC in PVs 236
10.11 Conclusion 238
11 Sputtering-assisted Growth of Magnetic Thin Films 243
Neha, Sandeep Kumar, Osheen Sharma, Weon Cheol Lim, Jaiparkash, Puneet Negi, Keun Hwa Chae, Jitendra Pal Singh
11.1 Introduction 243
11.2 Fabrication of Spinel Thin Films 246
11.3 Fabrication of Garnet Thin Films 253
11.4 Fabrication of Perovskite Thin Films 259
11.5 Summary and Conclusion 264
12 Development of Sputtered Metal Oxide Heterostructure for Advanced Photodetectors 273
Mahender Pal, Kirti Bhardwaj, Ravi Kumar, Pashupati Pratap Neelratan, Himanshu Gupta, Sanjeev Kumar Sharma
12.1 Introduction 273
12.2 Importance of MOx Semiconductors 275xiv Contents
12.3 Sputtering Technique for Thin-film Deposition 280
12.4 Design and Fabrication of MOx HSs 291
12.5 Photodetection Mechanism and Performance Metrics 298
12.6 Applications and Future Perspectives 307
13 Ion Beam Sputtering for the Growth of Magnetic Tunnel Junctions 317
Braj Bhusan Singh
13.1 Introduction 317
13.2 Spin dependent Tunneling 318
13.3 Fabrications of MTJs by Means of Ion Beam Sputtering 326
13.4 Summary 333
14 Deposition of Thin Films for Magneto-resistive Devices 339
Sachin Pathak, Ratnesh Kumar Pandey
14.1 Introduction 339
14.2 MR Phenomena 342
14.3 Thin-film Deposition Techniques 344
14.4 Layer Structures and Their Importance 346
14.5 Structural and Magnetic Enhancement 347
14.6 Physical Principles and Functionality 349
14.7 Applications for MR Devices 350
14.8 Challenges and Future Prospects 351
14.9 Conclusion 353
15 Sputtering for Thin-film Batteries 359
Vineet Sharma, Rachna Sharma, Soni Sharma
15.1 Introduction 359
15.2 Basics of Thin-film Deposition 362
15.3 Influence of Sputtering Parameters on Battery Performance 362
15.4 Advanced Sputtering Techniques and Innovations 365
15.5 Challenges and Limitations 368
15.6 Future Directions and Emerging Trends 370
15.7 Conclusion 373
16 Sputtering for Semiconductor Devices 379
Sarmistha Das, Manish Kumar, Saurabh Singh
16.1 Introduction to Sputtering and Thin-film Technology for Internet of Things (IoT) Applications 379
16.2 The Role of Sputtering in IoT Devices 380
16.3 Thermoelectrics 381
16.4 Conclusion 392
References 392
Index 401
