| Acknowledgments | p. ix |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Radar remote sensing | p. 1 |
| Historical context | p. 3 |
| Rationale | p. 10 |
| Outline of the book | p. 11 |
| Radar scattering terminology | p. 13 |
| Outline | p. 13 |
| Basic terminology | p. 13 |
| Constitutive parameters | p. 17 |
| Electromagnetic waves in arbitrary media | p. 19 |
| Energy loss in a medium | p. 20 |
| Polarization | p. 21 |
| Coherence and power | p. 24 |
| The Stokes vector | p. 25 |
| Polarization terminology | p. 28 |
| Reflection and refraction at a plane boundary | p. 29 |
| Emission from a surface | p. 33 |
| The radar equation | p. 34 |
| Polarization ratios | p. 35 |
| The scattering matrix | p. 36 |
| The Mueller and Stokes matrices | p. 37 |
| Polarization synthesis | p. 40 |
| Summary | p. 41 |
| Roughness and dielectric properties | p. 44 |
| Outline | p. 44 |
| Definition of roughness | p. 45 |
| Basic statistics of a rough surface | p. 45 |
| Correlation | p. 49 |
| The Fourier transform | p. 51 |
| The power spectrum, aliasing, and filtering | p. 52 |
| The importance of horizontal scale | p. 57 |
| Introduction to fractal concepts | p. 58 |
| Properties of self-affine continuous surfaces | p. 62 |
| Properties of surface and volume populations | p. 65 |
| Methods of topographic data collection | p. 67 |
| Dielectric properties of natural materials | p. 70 |
| Mixing of materials with different properties | p. 75 |
| Measuring the dielectric constant | p. 79 |
| Summary | p. 80 |
| Radar data collection and analysis | p. 82 |
| Outline | p. 82 |
| Antennas | p. 83 |
| Pulse compression techniques | p. 85 |
| Real-aperture radar (RAR) | p. 88 |
| Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) | p. 90 |
| Planetary ranging and continuous-wave observations | p. 95 |
| Planetary delay-Doppler mapping | p. 97 |
| Effect of the ionosphere | p. 104 |
| Speckle | p. 104 |
| Radar scatterometers and altimeters | p. 106 |
| Interferometry | p. 107 |
| Geometric effects in radar mapping | p. 110 |
| Image geometric corrections | p. 113 |
| Data calibration | p. 117 |
| Image speckle and texture analysis | p. 121 |
| Structural and stereo mapping | p. 127 |
| Summary | p. 131 |
| Theoretical treatment of scattering by rough surfaces | p. 132 |
| Outline | p. 132 |
| Vector and scalar fields | p. 133 |
| Coherent and incoherent reflections | p. 133 |
| Scattering at a rough two-dimensional interface | p. 135 |
| Roughness criteria | p. 137 |
| Scattering by gently undulating surfaces | p. 138 |
| Scattering by slightly rough surfaces | p. 145 |
| Integral equation methods for rough surface scattering | p. 151 |
| Scalar model for coherent scattering by fractal rough surfaces | p. 152 |
| Scattering by collections of discrete objects | p. 154 |
| Numerical methods | p. 161 |
| The general nature of surface scattering | p. 162 |
| Summary | p. 166 |
| Radar scattering from continuous rough surfaces | p. 167 |
| Outline | p. 167 |
| Topographic and dielectric data for rough surfaces | p. 168 |
| Radar data for rough surfaces | p. 173 |
| Surface roughness | p. 178 |
| General backscatter properties of rough surfaces | p. 180 |
| Relationships between echo components | p. 182 |
| Very smooth surfaces and the small-perturbation model | p. 187 |
| Empirical models for the HH, VV, LR, and RL echoes | p. 190 |
| Empirical models for the HV, VH, LL, and RR echoes | p. 193 |
| Wavelength dependence in scattering from fractal surfaces | p. 196 |
| Blocky surfaces | p. 196 |
| Aeolian roughness | p. 197 |
| Scattering at high incidence angles | p. 200 |
| Summary and implications for radar remote sensing | p. 201 |
| Radar scattering from collections of objects or layered terrain | p. 203 |
| Outline | p. 203 |
| Statistical descriptions of rock-strewn surfaces | p. 203 |
| Example of a rock-strewn field site | p. 208 |
| Radar scattering from a rock-strewn surface | p. 213 |
| Radar scattering from sand dunes | p. 219 |
| Radar scattering from mantled rough surfaces | p. 221 |
| Examples of mantled surfaces | p. 227 |
| Radar scattering from volume populations | p. 231 |
| Summary and implications for remote sensing | p. 234 |
| Planetary radar studies: the Moon, Mercury, and asteroids | p. 235 |
| Outline | p. 235 |
| General properties of regoliths | p. 235 |
| Radar data for the Moon | p. 239 |
| Radar data for Mercury | p. 241 |
| Scattering models for a planetary regolith | p. 241 |
| The lunar mare regolith | p. 247 |
| Lunar pyroclastic deposits | p. 254 |
| Radar properties of lunar and mercurian impact craters | p. 254 |
| Ice at the poles of Mercury and the Moon | p. 259 |
| Radar observations of asteroids | p. 262 |
| Radar sounding | p. 264 |
| Summary and future directions | p. 268 |
| Planetary radar studies: Venus and Mars | p. 270 |
| Outline | p. 270 |
| The surface of Venus | p. 271 |
| Radar data for Venus | p. 272 |
| Surface properties of the Venus plains | p. 278 |
| Surface properties of venusian volcanoes | p. 286 |
| Impact craters on Venus | p. 289 |
| The nature of the Venus highlands | p. 293 |
| The surface of Mars | p. 301 |
| Radar data for Mars | p. 302 |
| Radar scattering from heavily cratered terrain and plains on Mars | p. 304 |
| Surface properties of martian outflow and ejecta deposits | p. 305 |
| Surface properties of martian volcanoes | p. 308 |
| The martian polar caps | p. 310 |
| Summary and future directions | p. 311 |
| List of symbols | p. 312 |
| References | p. 316 |
| Index | p. 329 |
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