Radar Engineer's Sourcebook

By: William C. Morchin

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Paperback | 19 December 1992

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496 Pages

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A distillation of technical material culled from key radar publications and conferences that have occurred over the past five years, this book provides access to the answers to common design problems with "designer crib sheets". William Morchin has also written "Airborne Early Warning Radar".

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Communications Engineering & Telecommunications Radar Technology Radio Technology Reference, Information & Interdisciplinary Subjects Encyclopaedias & Reference Works Reference Works Computing & I.T.Computer Science Image Processing

Digital Signal Processing (DSP)Technology in General

Preface	p. xv
Antennas	p. 1
General	p. 1
Effective Antenna Aperture	p. 1
Aperture Efficiency	p. 1
Effective Beamwidth of Combined Transmit and Receive Beams	p. 3
Measurement Criteria	p. 3
Polarization Loss	p. 4
Axial Ratio of Circularly Polarized Antennas with Errors	p. 4
Power Density	p. 6
Antenna Radar Cross Section	p. 6
Number of Beams in Sphere	p. 9
Approximation to Fresnel Integral	p. 9
Arrays	p. 9
Rule of Thumb	p. 9
Element Separation and Element Spacing	p. 9
Number of Antenna Elements in an Array	p. 10
Array Gain	p. 10
Bandwidth	p. 10
Optimum Tilt for Elevation-Scanned Phased Arrays	p. 11
Design Considerations for Low Sidelobe Microstrip Arrays	p. 11
Digital Beamforming	p. 13
Investment Cost	p. 14
Antenna Gain and Patterns	p. 14
Gain	p. 14
Pattern Calculation Procedure	p. 16
Radomes	p. 25
Reflector Systems	p. 25
Beam Squint in Parabolic Reflector Antennas	p. 25
Phase Efficiency (Gain Loss) Due to Quadratic Phase Error	p. 26
Gain Loss Due to Random Surface Deviations	p. 26
Gain Loss Due to Surface, Jitter, and Pointing Errors	p. 28
Periodic Error Effects	p. 28
Array Radar Systems	p. 37
Introduction	p. 37
Transmit-Receive Modules for Array Radar	p. 37
Transmit-Receive Module Characteristics	p. 37
Example of TR Module Power Consumption	p. 48
Temperature Distribution of Array	p. 48
Computer Processing Required	p. 49
Clutter	p. 55
General	p. 55
Distributions	p. 55
Surface Scattering	p. 56
Clutter Area for Radar	p. 61
Clutter Spectral Spread	p. 62
Ground Clutter	p. 62
Land Reflectivity Models	p. 62
Spectral Spread	p. 70
Discretes	p. 70
Sea Clutter	p. 70
Description of Waves and Beaches	p. 70
Sea Reflectivity Models	p. 74
Rain Effects on Reflectivity	p. 76
Sea-Spike Clutter	p. 76
Sea Clutter Spectral Spread	p. 76
Volume Clutter	p. 80
Rain Backscatter	p. 80
Aurora Clutter Characteristics	p. 81
Cross Section	p. 89
Definition and Statistics	p. 89
Definition	p. 89
Statistics	p. 89
RCS of Generic Shapes	p. 93
Flat Surfaces	p. 93
Volumes	p. 95
Paraboloid	p. 96
Cone	p. 97
Cylinder	p. 97
Tubular Cylinder	p. 101
Tubular S-bend Cylinder	p. 101
Circular Ogive	p. 101
Prolate Ellipsoid of Revolution	p. 101
One-Dimensional Objects	p. 101
RCS of Complex/Unique Shapes	p. 110
Airplanes and Helicopters	p. 110
Missiles	p. 113
Maritime Vessels	p. 119
Other Objects	p. 119
Low RCS Technology	p. 122
Surface Wave Absorbing Materials	p. 122
Structural Absorbing Materials	p. 123
Detection	p. 131
General Formulas	p. 131
Evaluation of Error Function Integral	p. 131
Tresholding	p. 132
Required Signal-to-Noise Ratio	p. 132
m Detections Out of n Successive Trials	p. 134
Cumulative Probability of Detection	p. 134
Probability of Detecting on or Before a Range	p. 134
Normalized Pcum Curves for Search	p. 134
Reference Curves for Detection Probability	p. 135
Nonfluctuating and Rayleigh Targets	p. 135
Detection of Chi-square Targets in Clutter	p. 175
Detection of Targets in Weibull Clutter	p. 181
Detection of Targets in k-distributed Clutter	p. 185
Pulse Doppler Systems	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
Resolving Dimensions	p. 193
Chinese Remainder Theorem for Unambiguous Solution of a Range Value	p. 193
Minimum Detectable Velocity	p. 193
Resolution of Acceleration	p. 194
Doppler Beam Sharpening	p. 194
Ghosts and Number of Operations	p. 195
Electronic Countermeasures	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Equations	p. 203
Target Signal to Jammer Noise Ratio	p. 203
ECCM Improvement Factors	p. 204
Expendables	p. 205
Chaff	p. 205
Decoys	p. 207
Sidelobe Cancellation	p. 208
ESM-Electronic Warfare Support Measures	p. 208
LPI-Low Probability of Intercept	p. 208
Instantaneous Frequency Measurement (IFM) Receiver Design	p. 209
ECM, ECCM, and ESM Equipment	p. 209
General	p. 217
Radar and ECM Band Nomenclature	p. 217
Millimeter Wave to Ultraviolet Wavelength Regions	p. 218
Descriptions of Regions of the Growth Curve	p. 221
Statistical Descriptors	p. 221
Estimating Rules	p. 222
The -ilities	p. 222
Inherent Availability	p. 222
Earth and Satellite Related Subjects	p. 223
Satellite to Ground Range, Angle, and Velocity	p. 223
Navigation Equations	p. 224
Aircraft Flight	p. 224
Laser Radar	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
Direct Detection	p. 229
Signal-to-Noise Ratio	p. 229
Coherent Detection	p. 231
Signal-to-Noise Ratio	p. 231
Probability of Detection	p. 231
RF Modulation	p. 232
Power Conversion Efficiency	p. 232
Signal Processing	p. 233
Range Resolution and Doppler Sensitivity Tradeoff	p. 233
Propagation	p. 233
Measurement	p. 239
Ambiguities in Measurement	p. 239
Velocity and Range Ambiguities	p. 239
Angle Measurement	p. 240
Antenna Pattern Measurement	p. 240
Angle Measurement Accuracy of Conventional Tracking and Search Radars	p. 240
Beam Pointing Accuracy of Wideband Arrays	p. 241
RCS Measurement	p. 241
Sampling Space for RCS Measurement	p. 241
RCS Measurement Accuracy Dependence on Background Level	p. 242
RCS Measurement Accuracy Criteria	p. 242
Range and Time Measurement	p. 243
Range Correction	p. 243
Variance of Time Delay Estimation	p. 244
Ranging with Pseudonoise	p. 244
Multipath Delay Profiles	p. 244
Noise Figure	p. 246
Measuring System Noise Figure	p. 246
Meteorological Radar	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
General	p. 251
Radar Equation for Meteorological Radar	p. 251
Doppler
Doppler and Range Ambiguity	p. 253
Doppler Velocity Distribution of Storms	p. 253
Correlation Time of Weather Features	p. 253
MTI	p. 261
Introduction	p. 261
Definitions	p. 261
Finite Impulse Response Filters	p. 262
Binomial FIR MTI Cancellers	p. 262
Signal-to-Clutter Improvement for a PD	p. 263
Staggered PRF	p. 264
A Four-pulse MTI	p. 264
An Adaptive 3-pulse MTI	p. 265
MTI From a Moving Platform	p. 265
Compensation for Clutter Doppler Spread	p. 265
DPCA Enhancement of the Improvement Factor	p. 266
Multistatic/Bistatic Radar	p. 273
Introduction	p. 273
General Radar Equation	p. 273
Bistatic Search Equation	p. 274
Constant Sensitivity Contours	p. 274
Clutter Cell Area	p. 275
Beamwidth Limited Clutter Cell Area	p. 275
Range Limited Clutter Cell Area	p. 275
Unambiguous Range and PRF	p. 276
Target Doppler	p. 276
Range Resolution	p. 277
Doppler Resolution	p. 277
Angle Resolution	p. 277
Target Range Determination	p. 277
Over-the-Horizon Radar	p. 283
Introduction	p. 283
Target Detection Models	p. 283
Clutter	p. 286
Sea Bragg-line Doppler	p. 286
Sea/Wind Direction Measurement	p. 287
Propagation	p. 293
General	p. 293
Upper Frequency Limit of Coaxial Cable	p. 293
Absorption	p. 293
Clear Atmosphere	p. 293
Rain	p. 295
Snow	p. 298
Fog and Clouds	p. 298
Dust	p. 300
Foliage	p. 300
Diffraction	p. 304
Knife-edge Diffraction	p. 304
Diffraction of 4/3 Earth	p. 304
Refraction	p. 304
Index of Refractivity	p. 304
Effective Earth Radius	p. 307
Standard Range-Height-Angle Charts	p. 307
Range Correction	p. 312
Ducting	p. 312
Lens-effect	p. 313
Scattering	p. 326
Pattern Factor	p. 326
Path Length Difference	p. 327
Frequency Shift Between Direct and Multipath	p. 327
Fluctuation	p. 327
Amplitude Fluctuation	p. 327
Ionosphere	p. 328
Correlation Time Through the Ionosphere	p. 328
Faraday Loss and Rotation Angle	p. 328
Radar Equation	p. 337
Introduction	p. 337
General Equation	p. 337
Search	p. 338
Track	p. 338
Specialty Applications	p. 338
Field Strength and Incident Power Density	p. 339
Tabular Solutions	p. 339
Parameter Values	p. 344
Sample Loss Budgets	p. 345
Losses Not Found in Other Chapters	p. 346
Resolution	p. 357
Introduction	p. 357
Aperture Limited Resolution	p. 357
Superresolution	p. 357
Rational Transfer Function Model	p. 358
Sinusoidal Signal Model	p. 359
Spatial Estimation Using Multiple Antenna Beams	p. 360
Resolution Required	p. 360
Target Interpretation, Probability of Recognition	p. 360
Search Radar	p. 367
Search Equation for Cumulative Probability of Detection	p. 367
Apportionment of Power and Time	p. 368
Programmed Time and Power	p. 368
Search Time Savings with Sequential Detection	p. 369
Radar Time Use	p. 369
Search Time, Antenna Area, and Target Velocity Trades	p. 369
Target Velocity Resolution	p. 369
Minimum Detectable Target Velocity	p. 369
Signal Design	p. 375
General	p. 375
Time-Frequency Hop	p. 375
Resolution of a Target Dimension	p. 375
Frequency Modulated	p. 376
Component Phase Errors	p. 376
Digital Generation of Linear FM Waveforms	p. 376
Frequency-hopped FM Segments	p. 376
Doppler Estimation Accuracy with Linear FM	p. 376
Phase Coded	p. 379
Biphase Codes	p. 379
Quadraphase Codes from Biphase Codes	p. 379
Polyphase Codes	p. 383
Pulse Burst	p. 386
Range Determination in High-PRF Pulse-Doppler Radar	p. 386
Multiple PRF Ghosting and Probability of Target Visibility in Ambiguous Range Systems	p. 386
Signal Processing	p. 391
Introduction	p. 391
Target Classification/Recognition	p. 391
Imaging	p. 392
Digital Implementation of Signal Processing	p. 393
Acoustic Device Implementation for Signal Processing	p. 393
Sampling	p. 394
Analog to Digital Converters	p. 394
Method for Reducing the Bandwidth of a Sampled Signal	p. 394
Data Windowing	p. 394
Quadrature Sampling	p. 396
Aliasing	p. 397
Filtering	p. 397
MTI	p. 397
FFT/DFT	p. 397
Delay-line Processing	p. 397
Spectral Estimation	p. 398
Correlation	p. 398
Pulse Compression	p. 398
Programmed Processing	p. 399
FFT Processing	p. 399
Adaptive Processing	p. 399
Programmed Processing	p. 399
General Purpose Processors	p. 399
Special Purpose Processors	p. 399
Hardwired Processors	p. 400
Knowledge-based Processing	p. 400
Adaptive Processing	p. 400
Antenna Adaptive Processing	p. 400
Doppler Related Processing	p. 401
Neural Related Processing	p. 401
Signals and Noise	p. 407
Introduction	p. 407
System Temperature and Noise Figure	p. 407
Antenna Temperature	p. 408
System Noise Figure	p. 411
Device Noise Figure	p. 411
Receiver Noise Temperature	p. 411
Receiver Noise Figure	p. 411
Noise Figure of a System with Feedback	p. 411
Noise Figure of Low-Noise Amplifiers	p. 413
Signal Sources	p. 414
Phase Noise	p. 414
Spurious-Response Suppression in Double-Balanced Mixers	p. 420
Intermodulation Products of Amplifiers	p. 420
Spurious Levels Due to I-Q Imbalance	p. 423
Synthetic Aperture Radar	p. 431
Introduction	p. 431
Basic Side-Looking SAR Equations	p. 431
Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR)	p. 433
SAR with a Rotating Antenna	p. 434
Bistatic SAR	p. 434
SAR Processing	p. 435
Tracking Radar	p. 441
Introduction	p. 441
Computer Tracking of Target Position	p. 441
Equations of State for Tracking	p. 441
Evolution of Target Track Status	p. 442
Track Performance Prediction	p. 443
Track Sampling Time	p. 444
Radar Report Angle Errors	p. 445
Transmitters	p. 451
Introduction	p. 451
Comparisons of Vacuum and Solid-State Electronics	p. 451
Average Power as a Function of Frequency for Tube and Solid-State RF Sources	p. 451
Efficiency as a Function of Frequency for Tube and Solid-State RF Sources	p. 457
Growth Rate of Average Power Capability	p. 460
Weight Factor Comparisons	p. 460
Spurious Noise, and Phase and Frequency Stability	p. 460
Spurious Noise	p. 460
Phase and Amplitude Stability	p. 461
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Radar Engineer's Sourcebook

At a Glance

Paperback

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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