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Preface | p. xv |
Antennas | p. 1 |
General | p. 1 |
Effective Antenna Aperture | p. 1 |
Aperture Efficiency | p. 1 |
Effective Beamwidth of Combined Transmit and Receive Beams | p. 3 |
Measurement Criteria | p. 3 |
Polarization Loss | p. 4 |
Axial Ratio of Circularly Polarized Antennas with Errors | p. 4 |
Power Density | p. 6 |
Antenna Radar Cross Section | p. 6 |
Number of Beams in Sphere | p. 9 |
Approximation to Fresnel Integral | p. 9 |
Arrays | p. 9 |
Rule of Thumb | p. 9 |
Element Separation and Element Spacing | p. 9 |
Number of Antenna Elements in an Array | p. 10 |
Array Gain | p. 10 |
Bandwidth | p. 10 |
Optimum Tilt for Elevation-Scanned Phased Arrays | p. 11 |
Design Considerations for Low Sidelobe Microstrip Arrays | p. 11 |
Digital Beamforming | p. 13 |
Investment Cost | p. 14 |
Antenna Gain and Patterns | p. 14 |
Gain | p. 14 |
Pattern Calculation Procedure | p. 16 |
Radomes | p. 25 |
Reflector Systems | p. 25 |
Beam Squint in Parabolic Reflector Antennas | p. 25 |
Phase Efficiency (Gain Loss) Due to Quadratic Phase Error | p. 26 |
Gain Loss Due to Random Surface Deviations | p. 26 |
Gain Loss Due to Surface, Jitter, and Pointing Errors | p. 28 |
Periodic Error Effects | p. 28 |
Array Radar Systems | p. 37 |
Introduction | p. 37 |
Transmit-Receive Modules for Array Radar | p. 37 |
Transmit-Receive Module Characteristics | p. 37 |
Example of TR Module Power Consumption | p. 48 |
Temperature Distribution of Array | p. 48 |
Computer Processing Required | p. 49 |
Clutter | p. 55 |
General | p. 55 |
Distributions | p. 55 |
Surface Scattering | p. 56 |
Clutter Area for Radar | p. 61 |
Clutter Spectral Spread | p. 62 |
Ground Clutter | p. 62 |
Land Reflectivity Models | p. 62 |
Spectral Spread | p. 70 |
Discretes | p. 70 |
Sea Clutter | p. 70 |
Description of Waves and Beaches | p. 70 |
Sea Reflectivity Models | p. 74 |
Rain Effects on Reflectivity | p. 76 |
Sea-Spike Clutter | p. 76 |
Sea Clutter Spectral Spread | p. 76 |
Volume Clutter | p. 80 |
Rain Backscatter | p. 80 |
Aurora Clutter Characteristics | p. 81 |
Cross Section | p. 89 |
Definition and Statistics | p. 89 |
Definition | p. 89 |
Statistics | p. 89 |
RCS of Generic Shapes | p. 93 |
Flat Surfaces | p. 93 |
Volumes | p. 95 |
Paraboloid | p. 96 |
Cone | p. 97 |
Cylinder | p. 97 |
Tubular Cylinder | p. 101 |
Tubular S-bend Cylinder | p. 101 |
Circular Ogive | p. 101 |
Prolate Ellipsoid of Revolution | p. 101 |
One-Dimensional Objects | p. 101 |
RCS of Complex/Unique Shapes | p. 110 |
Airplanes and Helicopters | p. 110 |
Missiles | p. 113 |
Maritime Vessels | p. 119 |
Other Objects | p. 119 |
Low RCS Technology | p. 122 |
Surface Wave Absorbing Materials | p. 122 |
Structural Absorbing Materials | p. 123 |
Detection | p. 131 |
General Formulas | p. 131 |
Evaluation of Error Function Integral | p. 131 |
Tresholding | p. 132 |
Required Signal-to-Noise Ratio | p. 132 |
m Detections Out of n Successive Trials | p. 134 |
Cumulative Probability of Detection | p. 134 |
Probability of Detecting on or Before a Range | p. 134 |
Normalized Pcum Curves for Search | p. 134 |
Reference Curves for Detection Probability | p. 135 |
Nonfluctuating and Rayleigh Targets | p. 135 |
Detection of Chi-square Targets in Clutter | p. 175 |
Detection of Targets in Weibull Clutter | p. 181 |
Detection of Targets in k-distributed Clutter | p. 185 |
Pulse Doppler Systems | p. 193 |
Introduction | p. 193 |
Resolving Dimensions | p. 193 |
Chinese Remainder Theorem for Unambiguous Solution of a Range Value | p. 193 |
Minimum Detectable Velocity | p. 193 |
Resolution of Acceleration | p. 194 |
Doppler Beam Sharpening | p. 194 |
Ghosts and Number of Operations | p. 195 |
Electronic Countermeasures | p. 203 |
Introduction | p. 203 |
Equations | p. 203 |
Target Signal to Jammer Noise Ratio | p. 203 |
ECCM Improvement Factors | p. 204 |
Expendables | p. 205 |
Chaff | p. 205 |
Decoys | p. 207 |
Sidelobe Cancellation | p. 208 |
ESM-Electronic Warfare Support Measures | p. 208 |
LPI-Low Probability of Intercept | p. 208 |
Instantaneous Frequency Measurement (IFM) Receiver Design | p. 209 |
ECM, ECCM, and ESM Equipment | p. 209 |
General | p. 217 |
Radar and ECM Band Nomenclature | p. 217 |
Millimeter Wave to Ultraviolet Wavelength Regions | p. 218 |
Descriptions of Regions of the Growth Curve | p. 221 |
Statistical Descriptors | p. 221 |
Estimating Rules | p. 222 |
The -ilities | p. 222 |
Inherent Availability | p. 222 |
Earth and Satellite Related Subjects | p. 223 |
Satellite to Ground Range, Angle, and Velocity | p. 223 |
Navigation Equations | p. 224 |
Aircraft Flight | p. 224 |
Laser Radar | p. 229 |
Introduction | p. 229 |
Direct Detection | p. 229 |
Signal-to-Noise Ratio | p. 229 |
Coherent Detection | p. 231 |
Signal-to-Noise Ratio | p. 231 |
Probability of Detection | p. 231 |
RF Modulation | p. 232 |
Power Conversion Efficiency | p. 232 |
Signal Processing | p. 233 |
Range Resolution and Doppler Sensitivity Tradeoff | p. 233 |
Propagation | p. 233 |
Measurement | p. 239 |
Ambiguities in Measurement | p. 239 |
Velocity and Range Ambiguities | p. 239 |
Angle Measurement | p. 240 |
Antenna Pattern Measurement | p. 240 |
Angle Measurement Accuracy of Conventional Tracking and Search Radars | p. 240 |
Beam Pointing Accuracy of Wideband Arrays | p. 241 |
RCS Measurement | p. 241 |
Sampling Space for RCS Measurement | p. 241 |
RCS Measurement Accuracy Dependence on Background Level | p. 242 |
RCS Measurement Accuracy Criteria | p. 242 |
Range and Time Measurement | p. 243 |
Range Correction | p. 243 |
Variance of Time Delay Estimation | p. 244 |
Ranging with Pseudonoise | p. 244 |
Multipath Delay Profiles | p. 244 |
Noise Figure | p. 246 |
Measuring System Noise Figure | p. 246 |
Meteorological Radar | p. 251 |
Introduction | p. 251 |
General | p. 251 |
Radar Equation for Meteorological Radar | p. 251 |
Doppler | |
Doppler and Range Ambiguity | p. 253 |
Doppler Velocity Distribution of Storms | p. 253 |
Correlation Time of Weather Features | p. 253 |
MTI | p. 261 |
Introduction | p. 261 |
Definitions | p. 261 |
Finite Impulse Response Filters | p. 262 |
Binomial FIR MTI Cancellers | p. 262 |
Signal-to-Clutter Improvement for a PD | p. 263 |
Staggered PRF | p. 264 |
A Four-pulse MTI | p. 264 |
An Adaptive 3-pulse MTI | p. 265 |
MTI From a Moving Platform | p. 265 |
Compensation for Clutter Doppler Spread | p. 265 |
DPCA Enhancement of the Improvement Factor | p. 266 |
Multistatic/Bistatic Radar | p. 273 |
Introduction | p. 273 |
General Radar Equation | p. 273 |
Bistatic Search Equation | p. 274 |
Constant Sensitivity Contours | p. 274 |
Clutter Cell Area | p. 275 |
Beamwidth Limited Clutter Cell Area | p. 275 |
Range Limited Clutter Cell Area | p. 275 |
Unambiguous Range and PRF | p. 276 |
Target Doppler | p. 276 |
Range Resolution | p. 277 |
Doppler Resolution | p. 277 |
Angle Resolution | p. 277 |
Target Range Determination | p. 277 |
Over-the-Horizon Radar | p. 283 |
Introduction | p. 283 |
Target Detection Models | p. 283 |
Clutter | p. 286 |
Sea Bragg-line Doppler | p. 286 |
Sea/Wind Direction Measurement | p. 287 |
Propagation | p. 293 |
General | p. 293 |
Upper Frequency Limit of Coaxial Cable | p. 293 |
Absorption | p. 293 |
Clear Atmosphere | p. 293 |
Rain | p. 295 |
Snow | p. 298 |
Fog and Clouds | p. 298 |
Dust | p. 300 |
Foliage | p. 300 |
Diffraction | p. 304 |
Knife-edge Diffraction | p. 304 |
Diffraction of 4/3 Earth | p. 304 |
Refraction | p. 304 |
Index of Refractivity | p. 304 |
Effective Earth Radius | p. 307 |
Standard Range-Height-Angle Charts | p. 307 |
Range Correction | p. 312 |
Ducting | p. 312 |
Lens-effect | p. 313 |
Scattering | p. 326 |
Pattern Factor | p. 326 |
Path Length Difference | p. 327 |
Frequency Shift Between Direct and Multipath | p. 327 |
Fluctuation | p. 327 |
Amplitude Fluctuation | p. 327 |
Ionosphere | p. 328 |
Correlation Time Through the Ionosphere | p. 328 |
Faraday Loss and Rotation Angle | p. 328 |
Radar Equation | p. 337 |
Introduction | p. 337 |
General Equation | p. 337 |
Search | p. 338 |
Track | p. 338 |
Specialty Applications | p. 338 |
Field Strength and Incident Power Density | p. 339 |
Tabular Solutions | p. 339 |
Parameter Values | p. 344 |
Sample Loss Budgets | p. 345 |
Losses Not Found in Other Chapters | p. 346 |
Resolution | p. 357 |
Introduction | p. 357 |
Aperture Limited Resolution | p. 357 |
Superresolution | p. 357 |
Rational Transfer Function Model | p. 358 |
Sinusoidal Signal Model | p. 359 |
Spatial Estimation Using Multiple Antenna Beams | p. 360 |
Resolution Required | p. 360 |
Target Interpretation, Probability of Recognition | p. 360 |
Search Radar | p. 367 |
Search Equation for Cumulative Probability of Detection | p. 367 |
Apportionment of Power and Time | p. 368 |
Programmed Time and Power | p. 368 |
Search Time Savings with Sequential Detection | p. 369 |
Radar Time Use | p. 369 |
Search Time, Antenna Area, and Target Velocity Trades | p. 369 |
Target Velocity Resolution | p. 369 |
Minimum Detectable Target Velocity | p. 369 |
Signal Design | p. 375 |
General | p. 375 |
Time-Frequency Hop | p. 375 |
Resolution of a Target Dimension | p. 375 |
Frequency Modulated | p. 376 |
Component Phase Errors | p. 376 |
Digital Generation of Linear FM Waveforms | p. 376 |
Frequency-hopped FM Segments | p. 376 |
Doppler Estimation Accuracy with Linear FM | p. 376 |
Phase Coded | p. 379 |
Biphase Codes | p. 379 |
Quadraphase Codes from Biphase Codes | p. 379 |
Polyphase Codes | p. 383 |
Pulse Burst | p. 386 |
Range Determination in High-PRF Pulse-Doppler Radar | p. 386 |
Multiple PRF Ghosting and Probability of Target Visibility in Ambiguous Range Systems | p. 386 |
Signal Processing | p. 391 |
Introduction | p. 391 |
Target Classification/Recognition | p. 391 |
Imaging | p. 392 |
Digital Implementation of Signal Processing | p. 393 |
Acoustic Device Implementation for Signal Processing | p. 393 |
Sampling | p. 394 |
Analog to Digital Converters | p. 394 |
Method for Reducing the Bandwidth of a Sampled Signal | p. 394 |
Data Windowing | p. 394 |
Quadrature Sampling | p. 396 |
Aliasing | p. 397 |
Filtering | p. 397 |
MTI | p. 397 |
FFT/DFT | p. 397 |
Delay-line Processing | p. 397 |
Spectral Estimation | p. 398 |
Correlation | p. 398 |
Pulse Compression | p. 398 |
Programmed Processing | p. 399 |
FFT Processing | p. 399 |
Adaptive Processing | p. 399 |
Programmed Processing | p. 399 |
General Purpose Processors | p. 399 |
Special Purpose Processors | p. 399 |
Hardwired Processors | p. 400 |
Knowledge-based Processing | p. 400 |
Adaptive Processing | p. 400 |
Antenna Adaptive Processing | p. 400 |
Doppler Related Processing | p. 401 |
Neural Related Processing | p. 401 |
Signals and Noise | p. 407 |
Introduction | p. 407 |
System Temperature and Noise Figure | p. 407 |
Antenna Temperature | p. 408 |
System Noise Figure | p. 411 |
Device Noise Figure | p. 411 |
Receiver Noise Temperature | p. 411 |
Receiver Noise Figure | p. 411 |
Noise Figure of a System with Feedback | p. 411 |
Noise Figure of Low-Noise Amplifiers | p. 413 |
Signal Sources | p. 414 |
Phase Noise | p. 414 |
Spurious-Response Suppression in Double-Balanced Mixers | p. 420 |
Intermodulation Products of Amplifiers | p. 420 |
Spurious Levels Due to I-Q Imbalance | p. 423 |
Synthetic Aperture Radar | p. 431 |
Introduction | p. 431 |
Basic Side-Looking SAR Equations | p. 431 |
Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) | p. 433 |
SAR with a Rotating Antenna | p. 434 |
Bistatic SAR | p. 434 |
SAR Processing | p. 435 |
Tracking Radar | p. 441 |
Introduction | p. 441 |
Computer Tracking of Target Position | p. 441 |
Equations of State for Tracking | p. 441 |
Evolution of Target Track Status | p. 442 |
Track Performance Prediction | p. 443 |
Track Sampling Time | p. 444 |
Radar Report Angle Errors | p. 445 |
Transmitters | p. 451 |
Introduction | p. 451 |
Comparisons of Vacuum and Solid-State Electronics | p. 451 |
Average Power as a Function of Frequency for Tube and Solid-State RF Sources | p. 451 |
Efficiency as a Function of Frequency for Tube and Solid-State RF Sources | p. 457 |
Growth Rate of Average Power Capability | p. 460 |
Weight Factor Comparisons | p. 460 |
Spurious Noise, and Phase and Frequency Stability | p. 460 |
Spurious Noise | p. 460 |
Phase and Amplitude Stability | p. 461 |
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780890065594
ISBN-10: 0890065594
Series: Artech House Radar Library
Published: 19th December 1992
Format: Paperback
Language: English
Number of Pages: 496
Audience: General Adult
Publisher: Artech House Publishers
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 28.58 x 22.23 x 3.18
Weight (kg): 1.13
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