Radar and the Atmosphere

By: Alfred J., Jr. Bogush

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Hardcover | 1 March 1989

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Hardcover
472 Pages

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23.83 x 16.18 x 3.4

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Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xviii
Introduction	p. 1
The Radar Environment	p. 3
Background	p. 3
Considerations	p. 3
A Methodology	p. 4
The Radar Equation	p. 5
Classical Form	p. 5
A Formal Description	p. 5
Gaussian Form	p. 7
The Atmospheric Environment	p. 7
Effects	p. 8
System Needs and Models	p. 9
Data Sources	p. 11
Organization of the Material	p. 12
The Radar Equation	p. 15
The Radar Equation--Classical Forms	p. 17
Initial Derivations	p. 18
Classical	p. 18
Bistatic	p. 22
Search Form	p. 22
Friis' Transmission Formula	p. 24
Radar Equation With Interference	p. 25
Atmospheric Path Loss	p. 26
Meteorological Equation	p. 28
Applications--Methodology for System Analysis	p. 32
Evolution of Radar Requirements	p. 33
Radar Parameters	p. 38
Methodology	p. 53
The Radar Equation--A Formal Treatment	p. 69
Maxwell's Equations	p. 70
Field Quantities, Units, and Dimensions	p. 70
Integral Forms	p. 72
Differential Forms	p. 77
Boundary Conditions	p. 78
Equation Compilations	p. 80
Antenna, Scattering, and Radar Equation Formulations	p. 82
Vector Potentials	p. 82
Equivalence Theorem and Kirchhoff's Formula	p. 90
Reciprocity	p. 97
Derivation of the Radar Equation	p. 100
From a Power Transfer Formulation	p. 101
From Kirchhoff's Formula	p. 104
Plane Waves	p. 106
Derivations	p. 107
Free Space and Perfect Dielectrics	p. 110
Lossy Dielectrics and Conductors	p. 114
Incidence on Dielectrics	p. 115
Incidence on Perfect Conductors	p. 117
Remarks	p. 119
Radar Antennas	p. 120
Interpretations and Formulations	p. 120
Properties of an Antenna Pattern	p. 123
Radiation from Current Elements	p. 125
Fourier Transform Methods	p. 138
Hankel Transform Methods	p. 145
Gaussian Field Expansions	p. 147
Introduction to Arrays	p. 169
Radar Cross Sections	p. 177
Scattering Centers	p. 177
Formulations	p. 180
Long, Thin Bodies of Revolution	p. 180
Target Models	p. 187
The Radar Signal	p. 188
Basics	p. 189
The Matched Filter	p. 191
Ambiguity Functions	p. 192
Waveforms	p. 192
Synopsis	p. 195
The Radar Equation--Gaussian Forms	p. 199
Rationale	p. 199
Formulations	p. 200
Power Densities	p. 201
Power Transfer	p. 203
Beamwidth, Gain, and Aperture Efficiency	p. 204
The Square Antenna	p. 206
Gaussian Equivalents	p. 208
Radar Equations--Gaussian Equivalents	p. 209
Radar Equations--General Forms	p. 213
The Circular Antenna	p. 216
Gaussian Field Expansions	p. 216
Gaussian Equivalents	p. 218
Radar Equations--Gaussian Equivalents	p. 218
Radar Equations--General Forms	p. 219
The Meteorological Radar Equation	p. 220
Derivation	p. 221
A General Form	p. 223
Applications	p. 226
The Radiated Power Density	p. 226
Pattern Degradations	p. 235
Two-Term Gaussian Expansion	p. 239
Formulas	p. 240
The Atmospheric Environment	p. 245
The Atmosphere	p. 247
Regions of the Atmosphere	p. 247
The Troposphere	p. 247
The Stratosphere	p. 248
The Mesosphere	p. 250
The Thermosphere	p. 251
U.S. Standard Atmosphere	p. 252
Pressure and Temperature	p. 252
Air Density	p. 253
Water Vapor	p. 253
Clouds	p. 254
Formation of Clouds	p. 254
Cloud Families	p. 254
Precipitation	p. 256
Cloudiness	p. 258
Tabulated Cloud Characteristics	p. 260
Fog	p. 260
Global Rain Regions	p. 265
Definitions	p. 265
Climate Regions	p. 266
Fog Occurrences	p. 268
Examples	p. 270
Data Compilations And Models	p. 275
The Clear Environment	p. 277
Attenuation	p. 277
Properties	p. 279
Altitude Dependence	p. 282
Zenith Attenuation and Phase Delay	p. 284
Refractivity	p. 286
Propagation Constant	p. 286
Frequency-Independent Refractivity	p. 288
Frequency-Dependent Refractivity	p. 290
Additional Formulations and Procedures	p. 290
Ray Paths	p. 290
Formulas for Beam Position Errors	p. 293
Phase Delays	p. 293
Time Delays	p. 294
Summary	p. 295
Rain Data Compilations	p. 297
Introduction	p. 298
Types of Rain	p. 298
Vertical Profiles	p. 300
Drop Size Distributions	p. 301
Additional Background	p. 309
Uniform Rain Model	p. 311
Attenuation	p. 311
Backscatter	p. 311
Use of Model	p. 314
Path-Dependent Model	p. 316
Path-Average Attenuation	p. 316
Backscatter Formulation	p. 318
A Methodology	p. 318
Two-Component Dependence	p. 320
Snow and Hail	p. 325
Characteristics of Snow	p. 332
Propagation Effects	p. 335
Hail	p. 336
Summary	p. 339
Fractal Formulations	p. 341
Introduction	p. 342
Definitions	p. 344
Fractal Models	p. 346
Methodology for Analysis and Simulation	p. 358
Final Remarks	p. 362
Cloud Environments	p. 365
Haze	p. 365
Fog	p. 365
Clouds	p. 367
Dusts and Smoke	p. 371
Data Compilations	p. 373
Basics	p. 373
Data	p. 373
Summary	p. 375
Appendices	p. 385
Gaussian Antenna--Scaling Factors and Series Coefficients	p. 385
Diffraction Integrals	p. 385
Orthogonal Functions	p. 389
Hermite-Gaussian Field Expansions	p. 390
Laguerre-Gaussian Field Expansions	p. 402
Statistical Data	p. 409
Fractional Differentiation and Integration	p. 410
The Hyperbolic Distribution	p. 418
A Random Number Generator	p. 421
References	p. 428
Bibliography	p. 437
Index	p. 449
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