Deviance and Social Control

Foreword Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors How to Read a Research Article Chapter 1. Introduction to Deviance Introduction Conceptions of Deviance The Sociological Imagination The Importance of Theory and Its Relationship to Research Global Perspectives on Deviance Deviance and Disparity Ideas in Action Conclusion: Organization of the Book Exercises and Discussion Questions Key Terms Chapter 2. The Diversity of Deviance Introduction Deviance and Its Varied Forms Physical Deviance and Appearance: Ideals of Beauty, Self-Harm, and Body Modification Relationships and Deviance Deviance in Cyberspace: Making Up the Norms as We Go Subcultural Deviance Elite Deviance, Corporate Deviance, and Workplace Misconduct Positive Deviance Global Perspectives on Types of Deviance Deviance and Disparity: Differential Treatment in Dealing With Addiction, Prostitution, and Graffiti Ideas in Action: Guerrilla Gardening in Low-Income Areas Question: So Who Are the Deviants? Answer: It Depends on Whom You Ask Conclusion Exercises and Discussion Questions Key Terms Chapter 3. Researching Deviance Introduction Methodological Approaches to Studying Deviance Content Analysis Secondary Data Sources Ethical Considerations in Studying Deviance Global Perspectives on Trials and Tribulations Involved in Researching Deviance Across the Globe Deviance and Disparity: Regulation of Smoking Ideas in Action: Evaluating Programs and Policy Conclusion Endnote Exercises and Discussion Questions Key Terms Chapter 4. Anomie/Strain Theory Introduction Development of Anomie/Strain Theory Robert Merton and Adaptations to Anomie/Strain Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, Differential Opportunity Albert Cohen, Delinquent Boys Robert Agnew, General Strain Theory Messner and Rosenfeld, Crime and the American Dream- Institutional Anomie Theory Application of Anomie and Strain Theories Critiques of Anomie and Strain Theories Global Perspectives on Anomie/Strain Theory Deviance and Disparity: The Occupy Wall Street Movement Ideas in Action: Transforming Innovation Into Conformity and Legitimate Success Conclusion Exercises and Discussion Questions Key Terms Chapter 5. Social Disorganization Theory Introduction Development of Social Disorganization Theory Shaw and McKay's Study of Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas Early Critiques of Social Disorganization Theory Rebirth of Social Disorganization Theory Empirical Tests of Social Disorganization Theory Collective Efficacy as a Key Theoretical and Empirical Element of Social Disorganization Theory Global Perspectives on Social Disorganization Theory Tests of Social Disorganization in Cities Outside the United States More Theoretical and Empirical Advances and Divergences Deviance and Disparity: Social Disorganization Theory External Forces in the Creation of Social Disorganization Ideas in Action: Programs and Policy From Social Disorganization and Broken Windows Perspectives Conclusion Exercises and Discussion Questions Key Terms Chapter 6. Differential Association and Social Learning Theories Introduction Development of Differential Association Theory Development of Akers's Social Learning Theory Social Structure and Social Learning Empirical Tests of Akers's Social Structure Social Learning Theory Application of Differential Association and Social Learning Critiques of Differential Association and Social Learning Theories Cultural Deviance Theory and Subcultural Explanations of Deviance Deviance and Disparity: Can Differential Association/Social Learning Theories Explain Gender Disparities in Deviance? Ideas in Action: Programs and Policy From a Social Learning Perspective Global Perspectives on Testing Differential Association and Social Learning Theories Outside of the United States Conclusion Exercises and Discussion Questions Key Terms Chapter 7. Social Control Theories of Deviance Introduction Development of Social Control Theory Contemporary Additions to Social Control Theory Application of Social Control Theories Critiques of Social Control Theories Global Perspectives on Deviance and Social Control Theories Deviance and Disparity: The Cases of Teenage Homelessness Ideas in Action: Homeboy Industries Conclusion Exercises and Discussion Questions Key Terms Chapter 8. Labeling Theory Introduction Development of Labeling Theory How the Labeling Process Works Labeling and Mental Illness Labeling and Delinquency Application of Labeling Theory Impact of Labeling Theory Critiques of Labeling Theory Global Perspectives on Labeling Theory Deviance and Disparity: When Is Drinking-or Not Drinking-Deviant on College Campuses? Ideas in Action: The "I Have a Dream" Foundation-Instilling Positive Labels Conclusion Exercises and Discussion Questions Key Terms Chapter 9. Marxist and Conflict Theories of Deviance Introduction Development of Marxist Theory Development of Conflict Theory Applications of Marxist and Conflict Theories Critiques of Marxist and Conflict Theories Global Perspectives on Deviance and Marxist/Conflict Theories Deviance and Disparity: Voting Rights, Voter Suppression, Gerrymandering, and Social Media Voter Suppression and Conflict Theory Ideas in Action: Voter Registration Drives Conclusion Exercises and Discussion Questions Key Terms Chapter 10. Critical Theories of Deviance Introduction Development of Feminist Criminology Development of Critical Race Theory Development of Peacemaking Critiques of Critical Theories Global Perspectives on Deviance and Critical Theories Deviance and Disparity: Human Trafficking-Crossing Boundaries and Borders Ideas in Action: What Can Be Done About Human Trafficking? Conclusion Exercises and Discussion Questions Key Terms Chapter 11. Societal Responses to Deviance Introduction Medicalization of Deviant Behavior Policing, Supervision, and the Impact of Incarceration on Disadvantaged Populations and Communities Total Institutions Correctional Facilities and the Purposes of Punishment Gresham Sykes and the Pains of Imprisonment Juvenile Correctional Facilities Reentry: Challenges in Returning to the Community After Time in an Institution Public Fear and Social Control: The Case of Sex Offenders Collateral Consequences: Effects on Communities and Families Global Perspectives on the Social Control of Deviance Deviance and Disparity: How Money Can Matter in Local Jails Ideas in Action: College Programs in Prisons Conclusion Exercises and Discussion Questions Key Terms Chapter 12. Deviant Careers and Career Deviance Introduction Development of a Deviant Career and Career Deviance Approach Getting Into Deviance: Onset of a Deviant Career Risk and Protective Factors for Onset Escalation, Persistence, and Specialization in Deviance Sex Offenders: Generalists or Specialists? The Case of Drinking and Driving Specialization and General Deviance Is Not Always a Choice Summary of Career Deviance: Specialists or Generalists? Getting Out of the Game: Desistance From Career Deviance Deviance and Disparity: Alcohol Use and Misuse Disparities Among Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Youth Global Perspectives on Cross-Cultural Interest in Deviant Careers and Career Deviance Ideas in Action: Programs and Policy From a Career Deviance and Deviant Career Perspective Conclusion Exercises and Discussion Questions Key Terms Glossary References and Additional Reading Index