Critical Issues in Crime and Justice

Preface for the Third Edition Acknowledgments 1. Introduction : Is It Possible to Prepare for a Criminal Justice Future? - Dan Okada PART I. ORIENTATION 2. The Importance of Ethics in Criminal Justice - Cyndi Banks Police Ethics Discrimination Legal Ethics Punishment Correctional Ethics Ethical Criminal Justice Policy Making Analyzing Ethical Dilemmas Conclusion Discussion Questions References 3. Unleashing the Power of Criminal Justice Theory - Peter B. Kraska The Power of Criminal Justice Theory for Our Discipline Criminal Justice: A Worthy Object of Theorizing Developing a Useful Theoretical Infrastructure The Power of Theory to Transform Consciousness The Power of Theory to Affect Public Explanations Conclusion: Embracing Criminal Justice Theory Discussion Questions References PART II. OFFENSES AND OFFENDERS 4. Victimology - Leah E. Daigle The Typical Victimization and Victim The Costs of Victimization System Costs Mental Health Consequences and Costs Fear of Crime Recurring Victimization Theories of Victimization Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theories Structural Causes of Victimization Caring for the Victim Victim Remedies and Services Summary Discussion Questions References 5. Juvenile Delinquency - David L. Parry What Is Delinquency? How Much Delinquency? Arrest Data Self-Report Surveys Adolescent Development, Risk Factors, and Pathways to Delinquency Normal Adolescent Behavior? Risk and Protective Factors Pathways to Delinquency Different for Girls? Discussion Discussion Questions Notes References 6. Gender Matters: Trends in Girls' Criminality - Meda Chesney-Lind Crime Wave? Delinquency: Gender Matters Girls' Crime, Girls' Offenses Girls' Violence: When She Was Bad Running Away: Girls Coping With Trauma and Abuse Wild in the Streets: Girls, Drugs, and Alcohol Shoplifting: You Shoplift as You Shop Conclusion Discussion Questions References 7. Race and Crime - Helen Taylor-Greene Definitional Complexities Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Crime Contemporary Issues in the Study of Race and Crime Future Issues in the Study of Race and Crime Discussion Questions Web Resources References 8. Popular Culture, Media, and Crime - Richelle S. Swan Popular Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Popular Culture, Media, and Crime Popular Methodological Approaches Used in the Study of Popular Culture, Media, and Crime Important Research Themes in Studies of Popular Culture, Media, and Crime Framing Gone Extreme: Moral Panics About Crime, Delinquency, and Popular Culture Effects of Popular Culture and Media Consumption on Crime Being Framed: The Skewed Representation of Social Groups in Crime Media and Entertainment Mediating Oneself: Using Media and Popular Cultural Forms to Communicate Messages About Crime and Justice Discussion Questions References 9. Crime and Economics: Consumer Culture, Criminology, and the Politics of Exclusion - Stephen L. Muzzatti and Maggie Reid A Specter Is Haunting Criminology . . . Reading the Profane: Theorizing Crime and Capitalism Banality and Viciousness in Late Modernity Consuming Crime and Culture Late Modernity, Crime, and Pseudopacification Selling Crime, Marketing Transgression, and Commodifying Violence Conclusion: Nothing to Lose But Our Chains Discussion Questions Notes References 10. Serious Gang Problems in the United States: What to Do? - James C. Howell and Megan Qually Howell Gang Definitions Key Indicators of Serious Gang Activity Contexts of Serious Gang Violence Other Factors Associated With Gang Violence Juvenile and Criminal Justice System Involvement of Gang Members What Works in Combating Gang Violence Discussion Questions Notes References 11. Sex Offender Policies: Good Intentions and Unintended Consequences - Alexa Sardina Sex Offender Registration and Community Notification Laws Does the Registry Prevent Sex Offenses? Unintended Consequences of Registration, Notification, and Residence Restrictions Laws The Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators Conclusion Discussion Questions Web Resources References 12. Issues in the Fight Against Human Exploitation: A Look at Labor and Sex Trafficking - Casey Branchini Human Trafficking Defined Magnitude of the Problem Prosecution of Trafficking Crimes Obstacles to the Prosecution of Trafficking Crimes Conclusion Discussion Questions Additional Resources References 13. Terrorism - C. Augustus Martin The Challenge of Defining Terrorism What Is "New" About the New Terrorism? Terrorism in the United States: The International Sources Terrorism in the United States: The Domestic Sources Responding to Terrorism: Homeland Security and Antiterrorism Laws Discussion Questions Notes References 14. Critical Issues in Cybercrime - Johnny Nhan Critical Issue: Hacking and Computer Network Security Critical Issue: Darknets and the Deep Web Critical Issue: The Internet Culture and Ethos Research: Understanding Hackers' Motivations Critical Issue: Policing Cyberspace Critical Issue: Digital Piracy Critical Issue: Cyberbullying Conclusion Discussion Questions References PART III. POLICING/LAW ENFORCEMENT 15. Police Theory: Major Perspectives - Dawn M. Irlbeck, Connie M. Koski, and John P. Crank Normative-Rational Theory Institutional Theory Conflict Theory Postmodernism Conclusion Discussion Questions References 16. A Vision of Contemporary Policing: Present Practices and Future Developments - Gennaro F. Vito Paradigms in Policing The British Paradigm: Balancing Democratic Principles and the Military Model Early American Police Paradigms The Political Era Paradigm The Reform Era Paradigm Minorities and the Police The Community and Problem-Oriented Policing Paradigms The CompStat Paradigm The Intelligence-Led Policing Paradigm The Smart Policing Initiative Conclusion Discussion Questions References 17. Police Organization and Administration - Thomas Nolan Origins of the Structural Model of Police Organizations The Police and Militarization Police Organization: Subculture, Ethos, and Milieu Organization and Subculture: Initiation and Masculinism Organizational Subculture and Moral Superiority Police Organization: Autonomy and Authoritarianism Federal Oversight of the Police Police Administration and the Civil Service Police Administration and Unions The Police Discussion Questions Suggested Readings Notes References PART IV. COURTS/LAW/JURISPRUDENCE 18. Public Policy - Janice Ahmad Public Policy: The Formal Version Sources of Criminal Justice Policy Public Policy as It Is in Practice The Use and Misuse of Public Policy The Policy Implications of Public Policy The Politicization of Public Policy The Contributions of Academic Criminal Justice Conclusion Discussion Questions Note From the Author References 19. American Courts - Cassia Spohn Supreme Court Decisions and American Courts The Sentencing Reform Movement Specialized or Problem-Solving Courts: A Focus on Drug Courts Conclusion: Policy Implications Discussion Questions Notes References 20. The Juvenile Justice System - Randall G. Shelden Detention Centers Special Issues Facing the Juvenile Justice System Race, the War on Drugs, and Referrals to Juvenile Court The Racial Composition of Juvenile Institutions The Future of the Juvenile Court Discussion Questions Notes References 21. Why Are There So Many Mentally Ill in the Criminal Justice System? - Jennie K. Singer and Chelsea M. Johnson Prevalence of Mentally Ill Offenders Are Jails and Prisons the New Mental Hospitals, or Are We Criminalizing Mental Illness? The SMI Stay Longer in Jails and Prisons The SMI in the Community: More Difficulty on Probation or on Parole? Conclusion Discussion Questions Note References 22. Wrongful Convictions in the United States - Kim Schnurbush Scope of Wrongful Convictions History of Wrongful Convictions in the United States Wrongful Conviction/Exoneration Case Examples Wrongful Conviction Organizations/Movements Conclusion Discussion Questions References PART V. CORRECTIONS 23. The Philosophical and Ideological Underpinnings of Corrections - Anthony Walsh and Ilhong Yun What Is Corrections? The Theoretical Underpinnings of Corrections A Short History of Correctional Punishment The Emergence of the Classical School The Emergence of Positivism The Function of Punishment The Objectives of Corrections The Past, Present, and Future of Corrections Summary Discussion Questions References 24. Community Corrections: Rehabilitation, Reintegration, and Reentry - Ming-Li Hsieh The Common Forms of Community Corrections Probation: Progressive Reform and the Promise of Rehabilitation Parole as Reward or Relief Concerns Regarding Stakes: Risk Assessment and Prediction Worse Than Prison? Reintegration and Reentry Factors Associated With Community Supervision Success and Failure Ongoing Debates and Policy Implications Conclusion Discussion Questions References 25. Restorative Justice in Theory - Lois Presser and Kyle Letteney What Is Restorative Justice? How Is Restorative Justice Supposed to Work? Conclusions Discussion Questions Notes References 26. Garbage In, Garbage Out? Convict Criminology, the Convict Code, and Participatory Prison Reform - Alan Mobley Mass Incarceration in America Convict Criminology The Convict Code Factors Undermining the Convict Code/Formal Structure A New Code Discussion Questions Note From the Author References Index About the Editors About the Contributors