Guide to U.S. Political Parties

About the Editor Contributors Acknowledgments Introduction - Marjorie Randon Hershey and Edward M. Burmila Who is Included in a "Party"? Different Definitions of "Party" Central Themes in the Study of Political Parties Plan of the Guide Part I. What Are Parties For? 1. Parties and the Respone to Change: The Representation and Mobilization of Divisions in a Nation - Mark D. Brewer and Jeffrey M. Stonecash The Nature of Party Coalitional Change Parties, Conflict, and the Challenge of Social Change Partisan Responses to Change Conclusion 2. Political Parties: Recruiting Leaders and Structuring Elections - Jamie L. Carson Relationships Between Political Parties and Their Candidates Challenges to the Parties' Role Posed by Progressive Era Reforms Unintended Consequences of Candidate-Selection Reforms Decline and Resurgence of Parties' Roles in Nominating Candidates and Structuring Elections How the Parties Regained an Important Role in Campaigns Conclusion 3. Parties as Coordinators: Can Parties Unite What the Constitution Divides? - Frances E. Lee Parties as Centralizers: Theory and Practice Building Majorities: Procedural and Substantive Enacting Policies Do Parties Promote Policy Coherence? Bridging the Separation of Powers? Promoting Accountability The Parties and the Constitution 4. What the Parties Stand For - Hans Noel Understanding Changes in Party Philosophies The First Party System (1789-1824): The Great Principle The Second Party System (1828-1854): Reemergent Conflict The Third Party System (1854-1892): The Irresistible Force of Slavery The Fourth Party System (1896-1932): The Progressive Era The Fifth Party System (1932-) and Beyond: Liberalism Versus Conservatism Party Ideologies in the Twenty-First Century 5. Parties in the American Political Environment: Shaped, Adaptive, and Shapers - Paul A. Beck The Constitutional Framework and Political Parties The Uniqueness of the American Parties Environmental Change and Shifting Powers Within Parties The Lens Reversed: Parties Shaping Their Environments Emerging Environmental Challenges to the Parties Conclusion Part II. Historical Development of the Parties 6. The Origins and Development of U.S. Political Parties, 1790-1861 Clashing Views About Government The Parties' Coalitions The Parties Fade A Populist Party System The Rise of Van Buren Party Organizations The Whigs and the Democrats Sectional Tension New Parties Arise Conclusion 7. Political Parties in the Age of Industrialization: From Their Golden Age Through the Progressive Era - Jeffrey D. Grynaviski The Golden Age of Parties Political Party Organization Voter Behavior The Progressive Era Conclusion 8. Constructing a New Majority: The Depression, the New Deal, and the Democrats - Kristi Andersen Party Politics in the 1920s A Changing Electorate The Great Depression and Party Politics The Mechanics of Political Change: Mobilization and Conversion The Democrats Organize a Coalition Party System Consolidation Conclusion 9. Partisanship, Sectionalism, and Race: Civil Rights and Party Development From the 1950s Through the 1970s - Jeffery A. Jenkins Background to the Era The Eisenhower Years The Kennedy/Johnson Years The Nixon/Ford Years The Carter Years and Beyond Conclusion 10. Parties Revised and Revived: Democrats and Republicans in the Age of Reagan, 1980 to 2000 - David Karol Parties in the Electorate: The End of Democratic Dominance Changing Party Coalitions The Parties and the Presidency The Parties in Congress The Democratic Response to Reagan Third-Party Developments in the 1980s and 1990s Conclusion: Parties Revised and Revived 11. Polarization and Volatility: The State of the Party System in the Twenty-First Century - Casey B.K. Dominguez Political Events in the First Decade of the Twenty-First Century The Party as Organization Party in the Electorate Party in Government Understanding Outcomes Prospects for Future Change Conclusion Part III. Party Organizations 12. The Nature of Party Organizations - Daniel DiSalvo Party Structures Party Development Party Organizations in Congress Conclusion 13. From Machines to Service Centers: The Evolution of State and Local Political Parties - Vladimir Kogan The Anatomy of the Party Machine Politics in the City Era of Political Reform Adaptation and Resurgence: Party Activities in the Modern Era Survival in the Twenty-First Century: Emerging Challenges 14. The Transformation of the National Party Committees - Daniel J. Galvin The Timing and Process of Party Change The Republican National Committee's Transformation Into a Service Institution The Democratic National Committee's Delayed Transformation Into a Service Institution Conclusion 15. The Impact of Reform on National Party Financing and Campaigning - Paul S. Herrnson The Institutional Setting Party Finance During the Golden Age Party Finance and the Federal Election Campaign Act Party Finance and the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act Party Finance in the Post-BCRA Era Political Parties as Enduring Multilayered Coalitions 16. Party Activists - Geoffrey C. Layman Perspectives on Parties and Party Activists Amateurs and Professionals: The Political Incentives and Norms of Party Activists Party Activists and Partisan Change Activists and Party Polarization Conclusion 17. Vote-Seeking Third Parties in the Twentieth Century - Ronald B. Rapoport and Justin de Benedictis-Kessner Categorizations of Third Parties Factional Parties Regional Versus National Parties Characteristics of Candidates and Campaigns Third Parties and the Institutional Environment The Institutional Context Opportunities for Success: The Political Environment Comparing the Campaigns The Dynamic of Third Parties Part IV. Parties in the Electorate 18. The Nature of Partisan Identification - Marc J. Hetherington What Is Partisanship? The Distribution of Partisanship Where Party Identification Comes From Beyond Socialization and Groups The Effects of Party Identification Conclusion 19. Party Identification and Issue Attitudes - Logan Dancey The Partisan Divide How Voters Align Party and Issues Positions The Normative Implications Conclusions and Remaining Questions 20. Independents and American Elections - Russell J. Dalton The Evidence of Weakening Party Ties The Consequences of Dealignment Independents and Electoral Politics 21. Primary Elections and Caucuses - Barbara Norrander Direct Primaries The Presidential Nomination Process Concerns About Primary Elections 22. Partisanship in General Elections - Helmut Norpoth Party Identification and the Vote Rivals of Party Identification Issue Opinions in General Elections Candidate Perceptions in General Elections The Impact of Issues and Candidates Cycles and Equilibrium in General Elections Conclusion 23. Differing Views on Polarization of the Electorate - Thomas M. Carsey Is the Electorate Polarized Now? Causes of Party Polarization in the Electorate The Consequences of Party Polarization in the Electorate Conclusion Part V. Parties in Government 24. Ebbs and Flows in the Power of Congressional Party Leaders Since 1910 - Bruce I. Oppenheimer Moving in Opposite Directions, 1910-1915 Republican Dominance Followed by Democratic Control, 1919-1937 The Conservative Coalition and the Independent Power of Committee Chairs, 1937-1970 The Return of Stronger Parties, 1970 to the Present 317 Conclusion 25. Differences in Party Leadership and Control Among the U.S. House, U.S. Senate, and State Legislatures - Jennifer Hayes Clark and Gerald C. Wright Legislative Leadership: Structure and Organization Where's the Party? Assessing Contemporary Debates of Party Power Leadership, Gatekeeping Rights, and Majority Roll Rates Analyses and Results Conclusion 26. What Influence Do the Parties Have in the Presidency and the Bureaucracy? - Jesse H. Rhodes Parties, the Presidency, and the Constitution The Rise of Political Parties and the Transformation of the Presidency The Progressive Movement and Challenges to the Nineteenth-Century Party System The Modern Presidency and the Transformation of the American Party System From the High Tide of the Modern Presidency to the Reemergence of Party Politics Conclusion 27. Partisan Control of Government and Public Policy - David R. Jones Party Differentiation in Policy Preferences Presidential Relations With Copartisans Policy Outcomes Under Divided Versus Unified Government Policy Outcomes Under Democratic Versus Republican Control Changes in Party Control Conclusion 28. Political Parties and the Changing Media Environment - Marjorie Randon Hershey and Jessica Gall Myrick Relationships Between the Parties and the Media How the Party-Media Relationship Has Changed How Parties Use the Digital Media How the Media Constrain the Parties' Goals Conclusion Part VI. Parties in Their Environment 29. Political Parties and Interest Groups: Parties as Networks - Richard M. Skinner Groups and the Party Networks Members of the Party Networks Interest Groups and Political Parties: Personnel and Resources Groups as Policy Demanders Party-Group Tensions Conclusion 30. The Standard of Responsible Parties - John J. Coleman The Debate Over Responsible and Functional Parties Challenges Facing Responsible Parties in the United States Episodes of Responsible Party Government The Current Era and Party Responsibility Polarization and the Responsible Party Ideal Conclusion 31. Political Parties and Economic Inequality - Lawrence R. Jacobs Political Parties and Economic Structure Information and Power So What? Disciplined Parties and Democracy Conclusion - Marjorie Randon Hershey Selecting Leaders Policy Coordination Within Government Holding Leaders Accountable What Happens Next? Summing Up Index