Introduction Preface Acknowledgments About the Editors Contributing Authors Section I: HIV Infection, Transmission and Prevention 1.1 Historical Overview of the HIV Pandemic - Jo Anne Bennett, RN, PhD, CS, ACRN 1.2 Epidemiology of HIV Infection and AIDS - Jo Anne Bennett, RN, PhD, CS, ACRN 1.3 Prevention of HIV Infection - Valery Hughes, RN, MS, FNP 1.4 Pathophysiology of HIV Infection - Joseph P. Colagreco, MS, APRN, BC, NP-C 1.5 HIV Testing - Jane Schulz, MPH, RN, CNP, ACRN Section II: Clinical Management of the HIV-Infected Adolescent and Adult 2.1 Baseline Assessment - Thomas P. Young, MS, RN, APRN, BC, ACRN 2.2 Immunizations - Carl A. Kirton, MA, RN, APRN, BC 2.3 Teaching for Health Promotion, Wellness, and Prevention of Transmission - Valery Hughes, RN, MS, FNP 2.4 Health Care Follow-Up - Kristin Grage, MA, RN, CNP, ACRN 2.5 Managing Antiretroviral Therapy - Brian K. Goodroad, PhD, CNP, ACRN Section III: Symptomatic Conditions in Adolescents and Adults With Advancing Disease A. Symptomatic Conditions in Advanced Disease 3.1 Bartonellosis - Hopkins D. Stanley, RN, MS, ACRN, CNS & Lawrence Marsco, RN, BSN & Ian R. McNicholl, Pharm.D., BCPS (I.D.) 3.2 Herpes Zoster - Hopkins D. Stanley, RN, MS, ACRN, CNS & Lawrence Marsco, RN, BSN & Ian R. McNicholl, Pharm.D., BCPS (I.D.) 3.3 Human Papillomavirus Infection - Doris Carroll, BSN, RN, CCRC & Pamela Dole, EdD, MPH, MSN, FNP, ACRN 3.4 Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura - Kristin K. Ownby, PhD, RN, ACRN, AOCN, CHPN 3.5 Listeriosis - Hopkins D. Stanley, RN, MS, ACRN, CNS & Lawrence Marsco, RN, BSN & Ian R. McNicholl, Pharm.D., BCPS (I.D.) 3.6 Oral Hairy Leukoplakia - Joyce Keithley, DNSc, RN, FAAN 3.7 Peripheral Neuropathy - Janice M. Zeller PhD, RN, FAAN & Young-Me Lee MSN, RN, DNSc (c) B. AIDS Indicator Diseases Bacterial Infections 3.8 Bacterial Pneumonia - Kelly Fugate, ND, RN 3.9 Mycobaterium Avium Complex (MAC) - Demetrius Porche, DNS, RN, FNP, CS 3.10 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis - Demetrius Porche, DNS, RN, FNP, CS 3.11 Salmonellosis - Hopkins D. Stanley, RN, MS, ACRN, CNS & Lawrence Marsco, RN, BSN & Ian R. McNicholl, Pharm.D., BCPS (I.D.) Fungal Infections 3.12 Candidiasis - Patrick Robinson, PhD, RN, ACRN 3.13 Coccidioidomycosis - Hopkins D. Stanley, RN, MS, ACRN, CNS & Lawrence Marsco, RN, BSN & Ian R. McNicholl, Pharm.D., BCPS (I.D.) 3.14 Cryptococcosis - Hopkins D. Stanley, RN, MS, ACRN, CNS & Lawrence Marsco, RN, BSN & Ian R. McNicholl, Pharm.D., BCPS 3.15 Histoplasmosis - Hopkins D. Stanley, RN, MS, ACRN, CNS & Lawrence Marsco, RN, BSN & Ian R. McNicholl, Pharm.D., BCPS (I.D.) Protozoal Infections 3.16 Cryptosporidiosis - Kristin K. Ownby, PhD, RN, ACRN, AOCN, CHPN 3.17 Isosporiasis - Kristin K. Ownby, PhD, RN, ACRN, AOCN, CHPN 3.18 Pneumocyctosis - Kelly Fugate, ND, RN 3.19 Toxoplasmosis - Hopkins D. Stanley, RN, MS, ACRN, CNS & Lawrence Marsco, RN, BSN & Ian R. McNicholl, Pharm.D., BCPS (I.D.) Viral Infections 3.20 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - Demetrius Porche, DNS, RN, FNP, CS 3.21 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) - Patrick Robinson, PhD, RN, ACRN 3.22 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) - Craig R. Sellers, MS, RN, CS-ANP, ACRN Neoplasms 3.23 Cervical Neoplasia - Theresa Moran, RN, MS, FNP & Pamela Dole, EdD, MPH, MSN, FNP, ACRN 3.24 Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) - Theresa Moran, RN, MS, FNP 3.25 Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma - Theresa Moran, RN, MS, FNP 3.26 HIV-Wasting Related Syndrome - Joyce Keithley, DNSc, RN, FAAN & S. K. Glenda Winson, MS, RN, ACRN 3.27 HIV Encephalopathy - Janice M. Zeller PhD, RN, FAAN & Young-Me Lee MSN, RN, DNSc (c) C. Comorbid Complications 3.28 Fat Redistribution Syndrome - Joyce Keithley, DNSc, RN, FAAN & S. K. Glenda Winson, MS, RN, ACRN 3.29 Impaired Glucose Intolerance (IGT) - Debra E. Lyon PhD, RN 3.30 Dyslipidemia - Debra E. Lyon PhD, RN 3.31 Anemia - Richard Ferri, PhD, ANP, ACRN, FAAN 3.32 Leukopenia - Barbara Swanson, DNSc, RN, ACRN 3.33 Thrombocytopenia - Kristin K. Ownby, PhD, RN, ACRN, AOCN, CHPN 3.34 Cardiomyopathy - Carl A. Kirton, MA, RN, APRN, BC 3.35 Psoriasis - Michelle Agnoli, BSN, RN, ACRN 3.36 Arthritis, Reiter's Syndrome - Michelle Agnoli, BSN, RN, ACRN 3.37 Osteopenia, Osteoporosis, Avascular Necrosis - Barbara Swanson, DNSc, RN, ACRN 3.38 Nephropathy - Wade Leon, RN, MA, ANP-CS, CRRN 3.39 Lactic Acidosis - Barbara Swanson, DNSc, RN, ACRN 3.40 Hepatitis A - Kathleen Barrett MSN, RN 3.41 Hepatitis B - Kathleen Barrett MSN, RN 3.42 Hepatitis C - Kathleen Barrett MSN, RN Section IV: Symptom Management of the HIV-Infected Adolescent and Adult 4.1 Anorexia and Weight Loss - Joyce Keithley, DNSc, RN, FAAN 4.2 Cognitive Impairment - Debra Topham, PhD, RN, CNS, ACRN 4.3 Cough - Kelly Fugate, ND, RN 4.4 Dyspnea - Kelly Fugate, ND, RN 4.5 Dysphagia and Odonophagia - Joyce Keithley, DNSc, RN, FAAN 4.6 Oral Lesions - Barbara Swanson, DNSc, RN, ACRN 4.7 Fatigue - Julie Barroso, PhD, ANP, CS 4.8 Fever - Barbara Holtzclaw, PhD, RN, FAAN 4.9 Sleep Disturbances - Kathleen M. Nokes, PhD, RN, FAAN 4.10 Mobility Impairment - Tracy A. Riley, PhD, RN, CS & Yvonne Smith, MSN, RN, CNS 4.11 Nausea and Vomiting - Bernadette Capili, NP-C, APRN, DNSc 4.12 Diarrhea - S. K. Glenda Winson, MS, RN, ACRN 4.13 Pain - Gail Newshan, PhD, RN, NP 4.14 Female Sexual Dysfunction - Rebekah Shephard, MS, RN, ANP 4.15 Male Sexual Dysfunction - Rebekah Shephard, MS, RN, ANP 4.16 Vision Loss - Tracy A. Riley, PhD, RN, CS & Yvonne Smith, MSN, RN, CNS Section V: Psychosocial Concerns of the HIV-Infected Adolescent and Adult and Their Significant Others A. Responses to HIV Diagnosis 5.1 Response to an HIV Diagnosis: Infected Person - Rebekah Shephard, MS, RN, ANP 5.2 Response to HIV Diagnosis: Family and Significant Other - Rebekah Shephard, MS, RN, ANP 5.3 Caregiver Burden/Strain - Rebekah Shephard, MS, RN, ANP 5.4 Spiritual and Religious Concerns of HIV Infected Persons - Patricia M. O'Kane, MA, RN B. Selected Psychiatric Disorders in HIV Disease 5.5 Depression - Wade Leon, RN, MA, ANP-CS, CRRN & Pamela Dole, EdD, MPH, MSN, FNP, ACRN 5.6 Primary Anxiety-Spectrum Disorders - Pamela Dole, EdD, MPH, MSN, FNP, ACRN & Wade Leon, RN, MA, ANP-CS, CRRN 5.7 Delirium - Rebekah Shephard, MS, RN, ANP & Pamela Dole, EdD, MPH, MSN, FNP, ACRN 5.8 Mental Illness and Substance Use - Carl A. Kirton, MA, RN, APRN, BC Section VI: Concerns of Special Populations 6.1 Adolescents - Mary Geiger, MPH, RN 6.2 The Blind and Visually Impaired Community - Nora Merriam, RN, MSN, MPH 6.3 Commercial Sex Workers - Margaret Dykeman, RN, PhD, FNP, APRN, BC, ACRN 6.4 Gay and Bisexual Men - R. Kevin Mallinson, PhD, RN, ACRN 6.5 HIV-Infected Health Care Workers - Craig E. Nielsen, MS, NP, BC, ACRN 6.6 The Deaf and Hearing Impaired Community - R. Kevin Mallinson, PhD, RN, ACRN 6.7 People With Hemophilia - Beverly Christie, RN, BSN 6.8 Homeless Persons - Margaret Dykeman, RN, PhD, FNP, APRN, BC, ACRN 6.9 Incarcerated Persons - Pamela Dole, EdD, MPH, MSN, FNP, ACRN 6.10 Lesbians and Bisexual Women - Christine A. Balt, MS, RN, ACRN, APRN, BC 6.11 Migrant and Seasonal Farm Workers - Susan Gaskin, MPH, DSN, ACRN 6.12 Older Persons - Kathleen M. Nokes, PhD, RN, FAAN 6.13 Rural Communities - Susan Gaskin, MPH, DSN, ACRN 6.14 The African American Community - Carl A. Kirton, MA, RN, APRN, BC 6.15 Pregnant Women - Pamela Dole, EdD, MPH, MSN, FNP, ACRN 6.16 Recent Immigrants - Susanne Rendiro, MSN, FNP, BC 6.17 Substance Users - Donna Taliaferro, RN, PhD & Gail B. Williams, RN, PhD 6.18 Transgender/Transsexual Persons - Eric G. Leach, MSN, RN, NP 6.19 Women - Pamela Dole, EdD, MPH, MSN, FNP, ACRN Section VII: Clinical Management of the HIV-Infected Infant and Child 7.1 Perinatal Transmission of HIV Infection - Carolyn Keith Burr, EdD, RN & Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 7.2 Clinical Manifestations and Management of the HIV-Infected Infant and Child - Carolyn Keith Burr, EdD, RN & Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 7.3 Managing Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected Infants and Children - Carolyn Keith Burr, EdD, RN & Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 7.4 Adherence to Medical Regimens - Elaine Gross, RN, MS, CNS-C Section VIII: Symptomatic Conditions in Infants and Children With Advancing Disease A. Symptomatic Conditions in HIV Disease 8.1 Anemia - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.2 Cardiomyopathy - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.3 Dermatitis - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.4 Diarrhea, Recurrent or Chronic - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.5 Hepatitis - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.6 Hepatomegaly - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.7 Herpes Virus - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.8 Leiomyosarcoma - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.9 Lymphadenopathy - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.10 Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonitis (LIP) - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.11 Nephropathy - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.12 Neutropenia - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.13 Nocardiosis - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.14 Otitis Media, Recurrent - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.15 Parotitis - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.16 Sinusitis, Recurrent - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.17 Splenomegaly - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.18 Thrombocytopenia - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.19 Upper Respiratory Infection, Recurrent - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.20 Varicella, Disseminated (Complicated Chickenpox) - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH B. AIDS-Defining Conditions in Children With HIV Infection Bacterial Infections 8.21 Bacterial Infections, Recurrent - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.22 Mycobacterial Avium Complex (MAC) - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.23 Mycobacterial Tuberculosis - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.24 Salmonellosis - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH Fungal Infections 8.25 Candidiasis - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.26 Coccidiodomycosis - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.27 Crytpococcosis - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.28 Histoplasmosis - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH Protozoal Infections 8.29 Cryptosporidiosis - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.30 Isosporiasis - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.31 Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP) - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.32 Toxoplasma Gondii Viral Infections - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.33 Cytomegalovirus Disease (CMV) - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.34 Progressive Muitifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH Neoplasms 8.35 Malignancies - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.36 HIV-Related Wasting Syndrome - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH 8.37 HIV-Related Encephalopathy - Dawn D'Orlando, RN, MSN, MPH Section IX: Symptom Management of the HIV-Infected Infant and Child 9.1 Pain - Lynn Czarniecki, RNC, MSN, CNS- C 9.2 Anorexia - Rachel Davis, RN, ACRN 9.3 Weight Loss - Rachel Davis, RN, ACRN 9.4 Cognitive Impairment and Developmental Delay - Pamela J. Bachanas, Ph.D., RN, MSN, ARNP 9.5 Fever - David J. Sterken, MN, CNS, CPNP 9.6 Skin Lesions - David J. Sterken, MN, CNS, CPNP Section X: Psychosocial Concerns of the HIV-Infected infant and child and their significant others 10.1 Decision Making and Family Autonomy - Lisa Perry, MSW, LCSW & Catherine R. Bataille, MSW, LCSW 10.2 Stress Reduction Pediatric HIV Infection - David J. Sterken, MN, CNS, CPNP & Rhys VanDemark, BA, CCLS & Brooke Vanburen-Hay, Ph.D. 10.3 Isolation and Stigmatization - Barbara E. Berger, PhD, RN, ACRN 10.4 Surrogate Caregivers - Catherine R. Bataille, MSW, LCSW 10.5 Disclosure to the Child - Marion Donohoe, RN, MSN, CPNP 10.6 Multiple Hospitalizations - Lisa Perry, MSW, LCSW 10.7 Community-Based Care Issues - Marion Donohoe, RN, MSN, CPNP 10.8 End of Life Issues - Heidi J. Haiken, MSW, MPH Section: XI: Nursing Management Issues 11.1 Case Management - Tom Emanuele, BSN, RNC, ACRN & Connie Highsmith, RN, BSN, ACRN 11.2 Ethical and Legal Concerns - Craig R. Sellers, MS, RN, CS-ANP, ACRN & Richard MacIntyre, RN, PhD 11.3 Preventing Transmission of HIV in Patient Care Settings - Leslie Schor, RN, MSN, ACRN Appendixes Appendix A: Public Health Service Revised Classification System for HIV Infection (Adolescents & Adults), 1993 Revised Appendix B: Selected Laboratory Values - Martin Lewis, M.Ed, MSN, ANP, ACRN Appendix C: Treatment of Tuberculosis [TB in Adult and Adolescent Patients Coinfected With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)] - New Jersey Medical School National Tuberculosis Center Appendix D: Medications - Sande Gracia Jones, PhD, ARNP, ACRN, C, CS Index
