Problem-Solving in Conservation Biology and Wildlife Management

Preface vii

Acknowledgments x

Part 1 Introduction 1

1. What is Biodiversity? Spiders as Exemplars of the Biodiversity Concept 3

2. What is Conservation Biology? An Analysis of the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund’s Strategies and Funding Priorities 13

3. Why is Biodiversity Important? Why Is It Threatened? An Exploration with the IUCN ‘‘Red List’’ of Threatened Species 21

Part 2 Genes 29

4. Population Genetics: Diversity Within Versus Diversity Among Populations 31

5. Genetic Drift: Establishing Population Management Targets to Limit Loss of Genetic Diversity 36

6. Pedigree Management: Controlling the Effects of Inbreeding as Indicated by Fluctuating Asymmetry 42

7. Landscape Genetics: Identifying Movement Corridors 48

Part 3 Populations 57

8. Life Table Analysis: Balancing Commercial Fisheries with Sea Bird ‘‘By-Catch’’ 59

9. Population Viability Analysis: El Nino Frequency and Penguin Population Persistence 66

10. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Ecological Traps, Connectivity, and Issues of Scale 74

11. Diagnosing Declining Populations: Assessing Monitoring Data to Better Understand Causes of Rarity in an Endangered Cactus 83

12. Estimating Population Size with Line Transects and DISTANCE 88

13. Analyzing Camera Trap Data with PRESENCE 105

14. Estimating Population Size with Mark-recapture Data and MARK 125

Part 4 Species 139

15. Estimating ‘‘Biodiversity’’: Indices, Effort, and Inference 141

16. Designing a Zoo: Ex Situ Centers for Conservation, Research, and Education 156

17. Plant Reintroductions: Reestablishing Extirpated Populations 174

18. Edge Effects: Designing a Nest Predation Experiment 179

Part 5 Ecosystems and Landscapes 185

19. Ecosystem Fragmentation: Patterns and Consequences for Biodiversity 187

20. Forest Harvesting: Balancing Timber Production and Parrot Habitat 196

21. Protected Areas: A Systematic Conservation Planning Approach for Ecoregions 201

22. Island Biogeography: How Park Size and Condition Affect the Number of Species Protected 213

23. GIS for Conservation: Mapping and Analyzing Distributions of Wild Potato Species for Reserve Design 221

24. Global Change: Will a Cold-Adapted Frog Survive in a Warmer World? 233

25. Climate Envelope Modeling: Inferring the Ranges of Species to Facilitate Biological Exploration, Conservation Planning, and Threat Analysis 244

Part 6 Policy and Organizations 255

26. Population, Consumption, or Governance: Which Drives Species Imperilment Most in Africa and Europe? 257

27 Overconsumption: Who’s Smarter Students or their Professors? 264

28. Conservation Values: Assessing Public Attitudes 269

29. Priority Setting: Where Around the Globe Should We Invest Our Conservation Efforts? 279

30. An International Debate: Commercial Fishing in Galapagos National Park 289

31. Conservation Law: Should the Polar Bear be Listed as a Threatened Species? 296

32. Conservation Policy: Shaping Your Government 304

Literature Cited 310

Index 317