Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling 4/e

I. Concepts and Tools 1. Coming of Age Preparing to Learn SEM Definition of SEM Importance of Theory A Priori, but Not Exclusively Confirmatory Probabilistic Causation Observed Variables and Latent Variables Data Analyzed in SEM SEM Requires Large Samples Less Emphasis on Significance Testing SEM and Other Statistical Techniques SEM and Other Causal Inference Frameworks Myths about SEM Widespread Enthusiasm, but with a Cautionary Tale Family History Summary Learn More 2. Regression Fundamentals Bivariate Regression Multiple Regression Left-Out Variables Error Suppression Predictor Selection and Entry Partial and Part Correlation Observed versus Estimated Correlations Logistic Regression and Probit Regression Summary Learn More Exercises 3. Significance Testing and Bootstrapping Standard Errors Critical Ratios Power and Types of Null Hypotheses Significance Testing Controversy Confidence Intervals and Noncentral Test Distributions Bootstrapping Summary Learn More Exercises 4. Data Preparation and Psychometrics Review Forms of Input Data Positive Definiteness Extreme Collinearity Outliers Normality Transformations Relative Variances Missing Data Selecting Good Measures and Reporting about Them Score Reliability Score Validity Item Response Theory and Item Characteristic Curves Summary Learn More Exercises 5. Computer Tools Ease of Use, Not Suspension of Judgment Human-Computer Interaction Tips for SEM Programming SEM Computer Tools Other Computer Resources for SEM Computer Tools for the SCM Summary Learn More II. Specification and Identification 6. Specification of Observed Variable (Path) Models Steps of SEM Model Diagram Symbols Causal Inference Specification Concepts Path Analysis Models Recursive and Nonrecursive Models Path Models for Longitudinal Data Summary Learn More Exercises Appendix 6.A. LISREL Notation for Path Models 7. Identification of Observed Variable (Path) Models General Requirements Unique Estimates Rule for Recursive Models Identification of Nonrecursive Models Models with Feedback Loops and All Possible Disturbance Correlations Graphical Rules for Other Types of Nonrecursive Models Respecification of Nonrecursive Models that are Not Identified A Healthy Perspective on Identification Empirical Underidentification Managing Identification Problems Path Analysis Research Example Summary Learn More Exercises Appendix 7.A. Evaluation of the Rank Condition 8. Graph Theory and the Structural Causal Model Introduction to Graph Theory Elementary Directed Graphs and Conditional Independences Implications for Regression Analysis d-Separation Basis Set Causal Directed Graphs Testable Implications Graphical Identification Criteria Instrumental Variables Causal Mediation Summary Learn More Exercises Appendix 8.A. Locating Conditional Independences in Directed Cyclic Graphs Appendix 8.B. Counterfactual Definitions of Direct and Indirect Effects 9. Specification and Identification of Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models Latent Variables in CFA Factor Analysis Characteristics of EFA Models Characteristics of CFA Models Other CFA Specification Issues Identification of CFA Models Rules for Standard CFA Models Rules for Nonstandard CFA Models Empirical Underidentification in CFA CFA Research Example Appendix 9.A. LISREL Notation for CFA Models 10. Specification and Identification of Structural Regression Models Causal Inference with Latent Variables Types of SR Models Single Indicators Identification of SR Models Exploratory SEM SR Model Research Examples Summary Learn More Exercises Appendix 10.A. LISREL Notation for SR Models III. Analysis 11. Estimation and Local Fit Testing Types of Estimators Causal Effects in Path Analysis Single-Equation Methods Simultaneous Methods Maximum Likelihood Estimation Detailed Example Fitting Models to Correlation Matrices Alternative Estimators A Healthy Perspective on Estimation Summary Lean More Exercises Appendix 11.A. Start Value Suggestions for Structural Models 12. Global Fit Testing State of Practice, State of Mind A Healthy Perspective on Global Fit Statistics Model Test Statistics Approximate Fit Indexes Recommended Approach to Fit Evaluation Model Chi-Square RMSEA CFI SRMR Tips for Inspecting Residuals Global Fit Statistics for the Detailed Example Testing Hierarchical Models Comparing Nonhierarchical Models Power Analysis Equivalent and Near-Equivalent Models Summary Learn More Exercises Appendix 12.A. Model Chi-Squares Printed by LISREL 13. Analysis of Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models Fallacies about Factor or Indicator Labels Estimation of CFA Models Detailed Example Respecification of CFA Models Special Topics and Tests Equivalent CFA Models Special CFA Models Analyzing Likert-Scale Items as Indicators Item Response Theory as an Alternative to CFA Summary Learn More Exercises Appendix 13.A. Start Value Suggestions for Measurement Models Appendix 13.B. Constraint Interaction in CFA Models 14. Analysis of Structural Regression Models Two-Step Modeling Four-Step Modeling Interpretation of Parameter Estimates and Problems Detailed Example Equivalent Structural Regression Models Single Indicators in a Nonrecursive Model Analyzing Formative Measurement Models in SEM Summary Learn More Exercises Appendix 14.A. Constraint Interaction in SR Models Appendix 14.B. Effect Decomposition in Nonrecursive Models and the Equilibrium Assumption Appendix 14.C. Corrected Proportions of Explained Variance for Nonrecursive Models IV. Advanced Techniques and Best Practices 15. Mean Structures and Latent Growth Models Logic of Mean Structures Identification of Mean Structures Estimation of Mean Structures Latent Growth Models Detailed Example Comparison with a Polynomial Growth Model Extensions of Latent Growth Models Summary Learn More Exercises 16. Multiple-Samples Analysis and Measurement Invariance Rationale of Multiple-Samples SEM Measurement Invariance Testing Strategy and Related Issues Example with Continuous Indicators Example with Ordinal Indicators Structural Invariance Alternative Statistical Techniques Summary Learn More Exercises Appendix 16.A. Welch-James Test 17. Interaction Effects and Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling Interactive Effects of Observed Variables Interactive Effects in Path Analysis Conditional Process Modeling Causal Mediation Analysis Interactive Effects of Latent Variables Multilevel Modeling and SEM Summary Exercises Learn More 18. Best Practices in Structural Equation Modeling Resources Specification Identification Measures Sample and Data Estimation Respecification Tabulation Interpretation Avoid Confirmation Bias Bottom Lines and Statistical Beauty Summary Learn More Suggested Answers to Exercises References Author Index Subject Index About the Author