0 Introduction 1
0.1 A Brief History of Computers 2
What Is a Computer? 2
Personal Computers 4
The Internet 7
0.2 Computer Basics 8
The Central Processing Unit 9
Internal Memory 9
Mass Storage Devices 10
Input Devices 12
Output Devices 12
0.3 Software and Programming Languages 14
Types of Software 14
Types of Programming and Scripting Languages 15
Chapter Review and Exercises 19
1 An Introduction to Programming 25
In the Everyday World: You Are Already a Programmer! 26
1.1 What Is Programming? 26
A General Problem-Solving Strategy 27
Creating Computer Programs: The Program Development Cycle 28
1.2 Basic Programming Concepts 29
A Simple Program 29
Data Input 32
Program Variables and Constants 34
1.3 Data Processing and Output 37
Processing Data 37
Data Output 41
1.4 Data Types 45
The Declare Statement 45
Character and String Data 45
1.5 Integer Data 48
Operations on Integers 49
1.6 Floating Point Data 50
The Declare Statement Revisited 51
Types of Floating Point Numbers 53
1.7 Running With RAPTOR (Optional) 58
Chapter Review and Exercises 60
2 Data Representation 67
In the Everyday World: It Isn't Magic-It's Just Computer Code 68
2.1 Decimal and Binary Representation 68
Bases and Exponents 68
The Binary System 70
2.2 The Hexadecimal System 73
Hexadecimal Digits 73
Using Hexadecimal Notation 77
2.3 Integer Representation 80
Unsigned Integer Format 80
Sign-and-Magnitude Format 81
One's Complement Format 84
Two's Complement Format 86
2.4 Floating Point Representation 91
Floating Point Numbers: the Integer Part 91
Floating Point Numbers: the Fractional Part 91
Converting a Decimal Fraction to Binary 93
Putting the Two Parts Together 96
2.5 Putting it All Together 97
Scientific Notation 97
Exponential Notation 98
Base 10 Normalization 99
Normalizing Binary Floating Point Numbers 100
The Excess_127 System 100
Base 2 Normalization 101
Single- and Double-Precision Floating Point Numbers 101
Hexadecimal Representation 104
Chapter Review and Exercises 106
3 Developing a Program 113
In the Everyday World: Planning to Program? You Need
a Plan 114
3.1 The Program Development Cycle 115
The Process of Developing a Program 115
Additional Steps in the Cycle 118
3.2 Program Design 122
Modular Programming 122
3.3 Coding, Documenting, and Testing a Program 131
Coding and Documenting a Program 131
Testing a Program 133
Types of Errors 134
3.4 Commercial Programs: Testing and Documenting 135
The Testing Phase Revisited 136
External Documentation 136
3.5 Structured Programming 138
Flowcharts 138
Control Structures 143
Programming Style 146
3.6 Running With RAPTOR (Optional) 147
Getting Started 148
Introduction to RAPTOR Symbols 149
Variables 151
RAPTOR Symbols 155
Run It: The Sign-In Program 164
Developing the Program 165
Creating the Program in RAPTOR: Input 165
Creating the Program in RAPTOR: Processing 168
Creating the Program in RAPTOR: Output 169
Check It Out 170
Chapter Review and Exercises 172
4 Selection Structures: Making Decisions 179
In the Everyday World: Decisions, Decisions, Decisions . . . 180
4.1 An Introduction to Selection Structures 181
Types of Selection Structures 181
Single- and Dual-Alternative Structures 182
4.2 Relational and Logical Operators 188
Relational Operators 188
Logical Operators 191
Hierarchy of Operations 196
4.3 ASCII Code and Comparing Strings 199
Representing Characters With Numbers 199
4.4 Selecting from Several Alternatives 203
Using If Structures 203
Using Case-Like Statements 206
4.5 Applications of Selection Structures 210
Defensive Programming 210
Menu-Driven Programs 214
4.6 Focus on Problem Solving: A New Car Price Calculator 216
Problem Statement 216
Problem Analysis 217
Program Design 217
Program Code 220
Program Test 220
4.7 Running With RAPTOR (Optional) 221
The Selection Symbol 221
The Call Symbol and Subcharts 224
An Example 226
Run It: The New Car Price Calculator 232
Developing the Program 232
Check It Out 242
Chapter Review and Exercises 243
5 Repetition Structures: Looping 255
In the Everyday World: Doing the Same Thing Over and Over and Knowing When to Stop 256
5.1 An Introduction to Repetition Structures: Computers Never
Get Bored! 257
Loop Basics 257
Relational and Logical Operators 261
5.2 Types of Loops 263
Pre-Test and Post-Test Loops 263
Counter-Controlled Loops 268
5.3 The For Loop 274
The For Statement 275
The For Loop in Action 278
The Careful Bean Counter 281
5.4 Applications of Repetition Structures 286
Using Sentinel-Controlled Loops to Input Data 286
Data Validation 290
The Floor() and Ceiling() Functions 294
Computing Sums and Averages 297
5.5 Focus on Problem Solving: A Cost, Revenue, and Profit Problem 302
Problem Statement 302
Problem Analysis 302
Program Design 304
Program Code 307
Program Test 307
5.6 Running With RAPTOR (Optional) 308
Repetition: The Loop Symbol 308
A Short Example 310
Run It: Encryption: The Secret Message Encoder 312
What is Encryption? 313
Problem Statement 313
Developing the Program 313
Developing the Encrypting Algorithms 314
Check It Out 320
Chapter Review and Exercises 321
6 More about Loops and Decisions 331
In the Everyday World: Loops Within Loops 332
6.1 Combining Loops with If-Then Statements 332
Exiting a Loop 333
6.2 Combining Loops and Decisions in Longer Programs 343
The Length_Of() Function 348
The Print Statement and the New Line Indicator 349
6.3 Random Numbers 353
The Random() Function 353
Not Really Random: The Pseudorandom Number 358
6.4 Nested Loops 359
Nested For Loops 359
Nesting Other Kinds of Loops 364
A Mental Workout: Mind Games 369
6.5 Focus on Problem Solving: A Guessing Game 376
Problem Statement 377
Problem Analysis 377
Program Design 378
Program Code 383
Program Test 383
6.6 Running With RAPTOR (Optional) 385
Two Short Examples 385
Run It: Validating a Password 389
Problem Statement 389
Developing the Program 389
Check the length of the password (4—8 characters) 391
Check the first character of the password (cannot be a number) 393
Check that the password contains one of the special characters (#, *, or $) 394
Chapter Review and Exercises 401
7 Arrays: Lists and Tables 407
In the Everyday World: Organize It with Lists and Tables 408
7.1 One-Dimensional Arrays 409
Array Basics 409
7.2 Parallel Arrays 416
Some Advantages of Using Arrays 420
A Word About Databases 423
7.3 Strings as Arrays of Characters 424
Concatenation Revisited 424
String Length versus Array Size 426
7.4 Two-Dimensional Arrays 429
An Introduction to Two-Dimensional Arrays 430
Using Two-Dimensional Arrays 431
7.5 Focus on Problem Solving: The Magic Square 436
Problem Statement 436
Problem Analysis 437
Program Design 438
Program Code 444
Program Test 444
7.6 Running With RAPTOR (Optional) 445
A Short Example 448
Run It: Self-Grading Math Test 450
Problem Statement 450
Developing and Creating the Program 450
Check It Out 456
Chapter Review and Exercises 459
8 Searching and Sorting Arrays 465
In the Everyday World: Searching and Sorting 466
8.1 Introduction to Searching and Sorting 466
The Serial Search Technique 466
Basic Steps in a Serial Search 467
Pseudocode for a Serial Search 468
8.2 The Bubble Sort Technique 471
Swapping Values 472
Using the Bubble Sort Algorithm 474
8.3 The Binary Search 480
Use the Binary Search for Large Arrays 481
8.4 The Selection Sort 486
General Selection Sort Technique 486
Applying the Selection Sort Technique 488
8.5 Focus on Problem Solving: A Grade Management Program 491
Problem Statement 491
Problem Analysis 491
Program Design 493
Program Code 499
Program Test 500
8.6 Running With RAPTOR (Optional) 500
The Serial Search 500
The Bubble Sort 503
The Binary Search 505
The Selection Sort 507
Run It: Soccer Camp 509
Problem Statement 509
Developing and Creating the Program 509
Check It Out 515
Revise and Improve 516
Check It Out 517
Chapter Review and Exercises 519
9 Program Modules, Subprograms, and Functions 527
In the Everyday World: Living and Programming in ManageablePieces: Subprograms 528
9.1 Data Flow Diagrams, Arguments, and Parameters 529
A Big Sale: The Sale Price Computation Program 529
Data Flow Diagrams 530
An Introduction to Arguments and Parameters 531
9.2 More about Subprograms 537
Value and Reference Parameters 537
How to Tell the Difference between Value and Reference
Parameters 539
Two Helpful Functions: ToUpper() and ToLower() 542
The Scope of a Variable 545
9.3 Functions 550
Built-in Functions 550
User-Defined Functions 553
9.4 Recursion 558
The Recursive Process 558
9.5 Focus on Problem Solving: A Fitness Plan 563
Problem Statement 563
Problem Analysis 563
Program Design 564
Program Code 570
Program Test 570
9.6 Running With RAPTOR (Optional) 573
RAPTOR Built-In Functions (Procedures) 573
Creating a New Procedure 576
Run It: The Fitness Plan 581
Problem Statement 581
Developing and Creating the Program 582
Check It Out 590
Chapter Review and Exercises 592
10 Sequential Data Files 599
In the Everyday World: Keeping it On File 600
10.1 An Introduction to Data Files 601
File Basics 601
Creating and Reading Sequential Files 603
10.2 Modifying a Sequential File 608
Deleting Records 609
Modifying Records 612
Inserting Records 613
Using Arrays in File Maintenance 615
10.3 Merging Sequential Files 617
10.4 Focus on Problem Solving: Control Break Processing 620
Problem Statement 620
Problem Analysis 621
Program Design 622
Coding and Testing the Program 625
10.5 Focus on Problem Solving: The Invoice Preparation
Program 625
Problem Statement 626
Problem Analysis 626
Program Design 627
Program Code 631
Program Test 631
10.6 Running With RAPTOR: (Optional) 632
Creating Data Files with the Redirect_Output() Procedure 632
Displaying Data Files with the Redirect_Input() Procedure 633
The Limitations 636
Run It: Professor Weisheit's Semester Grades 637
Check It Out 645
Chapter Review and Exercises 647
11 Object-Oriented and Event-Driven Programming 655
In the Everyday World: Objects are Everywhere 656
11.1 Classes and Objects 656
Classes 656
Defining Classes and Creating Objects 659
Creating Objects 661
The Constructor 663
11.2 More Features of Object-Oriented Programming 664
Benefits of Object-Oriented Languages 664
Inheritance and Polymorphism 665
11.3 Object-Oriented Program Design and Modeling 675
Modeling Languages 678
Unified Modeling Language (UML) 678
11.4 Graphical User Interfaces and Event-Driven
Programming 681
Window Components 681
Creating GUI Objects in a Program 682
Event-Driven Programming 684
Handling Events 684
Event-Driven Program Design 687
11.5 Focus on Problem Solving: Another Grade Management
Program 689
Problem Statement 689
Problem Analysis 689
Program Design 690
Program Code 695
Program Test 696
11.6 Running With RAPTOR (Optional) 697
Object-Oriented Mode 697
Creating a Class 697
The main Program 704
Inheritance and Polymorphism 704
Run It: Monster Evasion 705
Problem Statement 705
Developing and Creating the Program 705
The main program 709
Using the Classes 713
Check It Out 716
Chapter Review and Exercises 718
Appendix A:
A Study Skills 727
A.1 Achieving Success in the Course 727
A.2 Using the Textbook 728
A.3 Doing the Homework 729
A.4 Writing Programs 730
A.5 Preparing for Tests 731
A.6 More about Preparing for Tests 732
A.7 Taking Tests 733
A.8 Overcoming Test Anxiety 734
Appendix B:
The ASCII Character Set: Printable Characters 735
Appendix C:
Answers to Self Checks 739
Index 779
