Practical RF Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems

Passive Circuits and Systems Vol I

By: Les Besser, Rowan Gilmour

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Hardcover | 31 October 2003

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539 Pages

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26.67 x 18.42 x 3.81

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The first of a two-volume set, this leading-edge book takes a practical approach to RF circuit design, offering a complete understanding of the fundamental concepts you need to know and use for your work in this industry. The book lays the ground work for efficient RF circuit design in a step-by-step approach, by defining important principles and parameters and progressively introducing critical analytical tools. It helps you distinguish between RF and low frequency circuits, and offers a detailed look at a typical RF system. This is a tested and insightful book that contains answers to most of the questions practical engineers are asking. The first volume reviews various computer-aided simulation, synthesis, and optimization techniques used in modern RF and microwave design, and discusses the practical use of the graphical design tools, such as the Smith Chart.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Communications Engineering & Telecommunications Radio Technology Energy Technology & Engineering Electrical Engineering Electronics Engineering Circuits & Components Microwave Technology

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xix
Introduction	p. 1
Defining RF	p. 1
Circuits and systems	p. 3
System specification	p. 3
System design	p. 4
Circuit design	p. 4
Wireless	p. 5
Conclusion	p. 6
Reference	p. 7
RF circuit fundamentals	p. 9
Introduction	p. 9
The decibel scale	p. 9
Illustrative example: decibel calculations	p. 12
Absolute power level reference	p. 13
Illustrative exercise: power conversions	p. 14
Complex number review	p. 15
Normalization	p. 17
R-L-C voltage-current relationships	p. 18
Complex impedance and admittance systems	p. 20
Unloaded and loaded Q definitions	p. 22
Complex series impedance of RF components	p. 23
Complex parallel admittance of RF components	p. 24
Illustrative exercise: computing elements from admittance specifications	p. 27
Series and parallel L-C resonant circuits	p. 27
Series and parallel conversions of lumped R-L-C networks	p. 30
Illustrative example: converting a series parallel equivalence	p. 32
One-port and multiport networks	p. 33
Importance of power transfer when cascading system components	p. 35
Importance of impedance matching	p. 36
RF components and related issues	p. 37
Parasitic inductances and capacitances	p. 38
Limited range of practical element values	p. 38
Measurement and test-fixture considerations	p. 39
Grounding and coupling effects	p. 39
Lumped elements versus transmission lines	p. 40
Illustrative example: fractional wavelength calculations	p. 42
Two-conductor transmission lines	p. 43
Transmission line characterizations	p. 46
Various TEM transmission line configurations	p. 48
Reflected waves on transmission lines	p. 51
Transmission line stubs	p. 54
Illustrative example: open-circuited parallel stub computation	p. 57
Directional couplers	p. 58
Circuit parameters using wave relations	p. 59
Reflection coefficient definitions	p. 59
Return loss	p. 62
Voltage standing wave ratio	p. 63
Mismatch loss	p. 64
Difference between mismatch loss and return loss	p. 65
Impedance transformation and matching	p. 65
Single-ended versus differential circuits	p. 66
Single-ended RF circuits	p. 67
Differential RF circuits	p. 68
Electromagnetic compatibility and interference	p. 72
Time domain versus frequency domain	p. 73
Periodic waveform definitions	p. 73
Jitter	p. 76
Eye diagram	p. 77
Summary	p. 78
References	p. 79
Selected bibliography	p. 80
The radio as typical RF system	p. 81
Receiver architecture	p. 81
The simple detector receiver	p. 81
The direct conversion (homodyne) receiver	p. 83
The superheterodyne receiver--analog system	p. 85
The superheterodyne receiver--digital system	p. 88
Receiver characterization	p. 94
The communications channel	p. 94
Receiver noise	p. 95
Receiver sensitivity	p. 98
System nonlinearity	p. 100
Receiver dynamic range	p. 109
Receiver selectivity	p. 113
Receiver frequency response	p. 125
Analysis of a CDMA receiver handset	p. 125
Receiver component specification	p. 130
Receiver response	p. 135
Problems	p. 144
References	p. 146
The Smith chart and S-parameters	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
The Smith chart: a polar plot of reflection coefficient	p. 148
Impedance manipulations on the Smith chart	p. 151
Adding series inductors on the Smith chart	p. 151
Adding series capacitors on the Smith chart	p. 152
Adding series resistors on the Smith chart	p. 152
The admittance Smith chart	p. 154
Adding parallel capacitors on the admittance Smith chart	p. 156
Adding parallel inductors on the admittance Smith chart	p. 158
Adding parallel resistors on the admittance Smith chart	p. 159
Circuit manipulations using series and parallel components	p. 159
The immitance (Z-Y) Smith chart	p. 160
Series R-L-C contours on the immitance Smith chart	p. 161
Shunt R-L-C contours on the immitance Smith chart	p. 162
Lowpass L-C transformers	p. 162
Highpass L-C transformers	p. 163
Bandpass transformer sections	p. 163
Illustrative exercise: series-to-parallel circuit conversions	p. 164
Illustrative exercise: impedance transformations	p. 165
Constant Q curves on the Smith chart	p. 169
Negative reactive elements	p. 169
Illustrative example: removing the effect of parasitic inductance	p. 170
Negative resistance and the extended Smith chart	p. 171
Transmission line manipulations on the Smith chart	p. 172
Cascade transmission lines	p. 172
Parallel transmission line stubs	p. 175
Important points to remember about transmission lines	p. 176
Illustrative example: impedance transformation with transmission line and lumped elements	p. 177
Illustrative example: computing transmission line lengths with the Smith chart	p. 178
Illustrative example: troubleshooting a matching network with the Smith chart	p. 179
Matrix descriptions of networks	p. 180
The scattering (S) matrix	p. 183
The network analyzer	p. 185
S-parameter measurements	p. 188
Measurement errors	p. 188
One-port calibration	p. 190
Two-port calibrations	p. 191
Time-domain reflectometry	p. 192
Two-port gain expressions in terms of S-parameters	p. 193
Illustrative exercise: transducer gain versus insertion loss	p. 195
Illustrative exercise: transistor gain calculations--1	p. 196
Illustrative exercise: transistor gain calculations--2	p. 198
Cascading two-ports with S-parameters	p. 200
Illustrative exercise: performance of two cascaded filters	p. 201
Mismatch error	p. 203
The cascadable scattering transfer matrix	p. 204
Multiport S-parameters	p. 205
Generalized two-port S-parameters	p. 206
Mixed-mode S-parameters	p. 209
Standard S-parameter to mixed-mode S-parameter transformations	p. 213
Illustrative example: characterization of a SAW filter	p. 215
Summary	p. 217
References	p. 218
Selected bibliography	p. 218
Impedance matching techniques	p. 221
The impedance match	p. 222
Transmission zero definitions	p. 225
Illustrative exercise: determine the order of L-C networks	p. 228
Impedance matching into complex termination	p. 232
Illustrative example: matching a 50-[Omega] source to a complex load	p. 233
Impedance matching with uneven resistive terminations	p. 236
The Q matching technique with L-C sections	p. 239
Illustrative example: impedance matching of two resistive terminations	p. 241
Bandwidth of L-C matching sections	p. 244
Impedance matching of complex terminations	p. 247
Absorbing the parasitics of the terminations	p. 247
Resonating excessive parasitic inductance or capacitance	p. 248
Illustrative exercise: impedance matching complex terminations with the Smith chart	p. 251
Multisection impedance matching to increase bandwidth	p. 254
Illustrative exercise: two-section impedance match for wider bandwidth	p. 257
Multisection impedance matching to decrease bandwidth	p. 260
Illustrative exercise: two-section impedance match for narrow bandwidth	p. 262
Impedance matching with transmission line components	p. 264
Impedance matching with a single cascade transmission line	p. 264
Illustrative exercise: impedance matching with a cascade transmission line	p. 266
Impedance matching with transmission lines on the Smith chart	p. 267
Illustrative exercise: impedance matching with a cascade transmission line	p. 269
Parallel stub manipulations on the Smith chart	p. 271
Impedance matching of balanced circuits	p. 272
Illustrative exercise: impedance matching of differential amplifiers	p. 272
Answers to illustrative exercise of Section 5.2.1 (circuit 4)	p. 273
Summary	p. 275
References	p. 276
Selected bibliography	p. 276
CAE/CAD of linear RF/MW circuits	p. 277
Introduction	p. 277
Historical review	p. 279
Analysis versus synthesis and optimization	p. 281
Circuit simulation techniques	p. 282
DC and transient analysis	p. 282
AC steady-state circuit analysis	p. 283
Impedance mapping	p. 284
Component tuning	p. 286
Circuit optimization	p. 286
Error function definitions	p. 289
Illustrative exercise: weighting factor determinations	p. 290
Component sensitivities	p. 293
Constrained versus unconstrained optimization	p. 294
Search techniques	p. 294
Illustrative exercise: matching network optimization	p. 295
Statistical design techniques	p. 298
Yield-oriented design	p. 299
Component tolerance distributions--probability density functions	p. 301
Statistical sensitivities	p. 303
Illustrative exercise: design centering of a 500-MHz lowpass filter	p. 307
Circuit synthesis	p. 314
Parasitic absorption	p. 316
Ripple, slope, and minimum insertion loss specifications	p. 317
Illustrative example: matching network synthesis	p. 318
Electromagnetic field simulation	p. 321
Categories by geometries	p. 322
Illustrative example: layout and cosimulation of a 6-GHz Wilkinson power divider	p. 324
CAD program descriptions	p. 327
Agilent Advanced Design System	p. 327
Ansoft Designer	p. 329
AWR Microwave Office	p. 331
Eagleware Genesys	p. 333
Summary	p. 334
References	p. 334
Passive component models	p. 337
Introduction	p. 337
Resistance, self-inductance, and stray capacitance of conductors	p. 339
Resistance changes of conductors at RF	p. 339
RF considerations of resistor types	p. 341
Inductance of a straight wire (far from ground and shielding)	p. 342
Parallel-plate and edge-coupled capacitance	p. 344
Frequency response of physical resistors	p. 346
Fitting a model to measured resistor data	p. 348
Modeling physical inductors	p. 350
Inductor self-capacitance and loss resistances	p. 353
Planar printed inductors	p. 353
Effective inductance calculations	p. 354
Q-factor calculation	p. 355
Multilayer inductors	p. 357
Inductors with magnetic core	p. 360
Ferrite beads	p. 362
Physical capacitor models	p. 364
Interdigital capacitors	p. 367
Illustrative example of effective capacitance calculations	p. 367
Secondary resonances in multifinger capacitors	p. 370
Via hole models	p. 372
Grounding-path inductance effects	p. 375
Planar transmission lines for RF/MW applications	p. 377
Comparison of planar transmission line forms	p. 378
Coupled transmission lines	p. 381
Transmission line discontinuities	p. 383
Dielectric board materials	p. 387
Transformers	p. 389
Transformer equivalent circuit with conventional windings	p. 390
Baluns	p. 392
Crystal resonators and models	p. 395
Crystal orientation	p. 396
Doubly rotated cuts	p. 397
Crystal resonator equivalent circuit	p. 397
Applications	p. 403
Surface acoustic wave resonators	p. 403
Dielectric resonators	p. 405
Component measurements and modeling	p. 408
Summary	p. 410
References	p. 411
Filters and resonant circuits	p. 415
Introduction	p. 415
Filter specifications	p. 417
Various filter types	p. 421
Low-frequency versus RF/MW filters	p. 423
Baseband filters	p. 423
RF filters	p. 429
Comparison of filter responses	p. 441
Multiplexer filters	p. 442
Filter design outline	p. 444
Lowpass filter design using filter tables	p. 444
Illustrative exercise: 400-MHz Chebyshev filter design with lumped components	p. 451
Transmission line (distributed-element) filters	p. 457
Illustrative example: converting a lumped filter to distributed type using Richard's transformation	p. 458
Network transformations	p. 460
Transformations to change the filter's response	p. 461
Transformations to change termination ratio or element type	p. 462
Transformations to change termination ratios and/or circuit topologies of transmission line networks	p. 468
Transformations to change element values	p. 474
L-C resonant circuits in filter design	p. 475
Illustrative example: bandpass resonant circuit design	p. 476
Illustrative exercise: synthesis and transformations of a capacitively coupled resonator filter	p. 482
Other forms of resonators	p. 484
Illustrative example: coupled transmission line filter synthesis using CAD	p. 485
Dielectric resonators	p. 488
Crystal resonators	p. 488
Summary	p. 489
References	p. 490
Selected bibilography	p. 491
Similarities and differences of RF and high-speed digital designs	p. 493
Historical perspective of analog RF and digital designs	p. 493
Time-domain and voltage-current parameters (transition times, delays, skew, and signal levels)	p. 496
Crosstalk versus coupling	p. 500
R-L-C models for digital applications	p. 503
Resistors	p. 503
Inductors	p. 505
Capacitors	p. 507
Parasitics of passive interconnects, loading, vias, and losses	p. 509
Frequency-domain versus time-domain considerations	p. 513
When frequency domain is essential: clock networks	p. 513
When frequency domain is useful: power distribution	p. 514
Measurement and simulation considerations	p. 516
References	p. 520
Selected bibliography	p. 521
Appendix	p. 523
Summary of Basic Formulas - 1	p. 523
Summary of Basic Formulas - 2	p. 525
About the Authors	p. 527
Index	p. 529
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Practical RF Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems

Passive Circuits and Systems Vol I

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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