| Electronic Scanning Radar Systems (ESRS) Design and Architecture | |
| Modern Radar Requirements | p. 1 |
| Increased Range Coverage | p. 1 |
| Increased Resolution | p. 1 |
| Shorter Reaction Time | p. 2 |
| Electronic Scanning Radar Systems (ESRS) Characteristics | p. 2 |
| Definition | p. 2 |
| Electronic Scanning Techniques | p. 2 |
| Implementation | p. 4 |
| Illumination Tapering | p. 8 |
| Advantages of ESRSs | p. 8 |
| Disadvantages of ESRSs | p. 9 |
| Parameter Management | p. 9 |
| ESRS Integration, Test and Evaluation | p. 11 |
| ESR System Design Methodology | p. 12 |
| Problem for Lecture #7 | p. 13 |
| Antenna Array Fundamentals - Part 1 | |
| Linear Arrays | p. 1 |
| Uniform Weighting | p. 1 |
| Weighted Apertures | p. 10 |
| Planar Arrays | p. 19 |
| Rectangular Aperture | p. 19 |
| Circular Apertures | p. 22 |
| Equivalence Between Circular and Linear Aperture Antenna Patterns | p. 27 |
| Monopulse Difference Patterns | p. 27 |
| Array Thinning | p. 27 |
| Statistical Density Tapering | p. 27 |
| Sidelobe Level of Thinned Arrays | p. 36 |
| Directivity of a Thinned Array | p. 37 |
| System Aspects of Thinned Arrays | p. 37 |
| Antenna Array Fundamentals: Part 2 | |
| Effects of Errors on Antenna Array Characteristics | p. 1 |
| Effect of Errors on Antenna Sidelobe Levels and Directivity | p. 1 |
| Angle Measurement Accuracy | p. 20 |
| Detection Considerations for Phased Arrays | p. 25 |
| Beam Shape Loss, Beam Packing Loss, and Optimum Beam Spacing | p. 25 |
| Sequential Detection | p. 28 |
| Acknowledgement | p. 28 |
| References | p. 28 |
| Phased Array Elements - Part 1 | |
| General Considerations of Array Elements | p. 1 |
| The Large Phased Array | p. 3 |
| Array Factor | p. 3 |
| Element Factor | p. 9 |
| Phased Array Elements - Part 2 | |
| Element Matching | p. 1 |
| Matching with Frequency | p. 1 |
| Wide Angle Impedance Matching (WAIM) | p. 2 |
| Waveguide Simulators [19, 20] | p. 7 |
| The Small Array | p. 7 |
| Some Designed Elements | p. 11 |
| Narrow Band Designs | p. 11 |
| Broadband Designs | p. 11 |
| Aperture Effects | p. 14 |
| Feed Effects | p. 18 |
| Array Feeds | |
| Selecting a Feed System | p. 1 |
| Electrical Performance Requirements | p. 1 |
| Environmental Requirements | p. 3 |
| Types of Array Feed Techniques | p. 3 |
| Array Feed Categories | p. 3 |
| General Characteristics of Array Feeds | p. 3 |
| Analysis of Feed Network Performance | p. 5 |
| Reactive Divider Network | p. 5 |
| Matched Divider Network | p. 5 |
| Constrained Feeds | p. 7 |
| Constrained Feed-Parallel | p. 7 |
| Constrained Feed-Serial | p. 7 |
| Semi-Constrained Feed | p. 9 |
| Radial Feeds | p. 9 |
| Sector Horn Feeds | p. 9 |
| Constrained Lens Feeds | p. 11 |
| Unconstrained Feeds | p. 11 |
| Transmission Lens Array | p. 11 |
| Reflect Arrays | p. 13 |
| Special Feed Techniques | p. 13 |
| Self-Duplexing | p. 13 |
| Self-Isolation | p. 13 |
| Sub-Arrays | p. 15 |
| Conclusions | p. 15 |
| Phase Control Device Selection Requirements | p. 15 |
| Selection of Phasers | p. 15 |
| High-Power Phasers | p. 16 |
| Low-Level Phasers | p. 16 |
| Selection of Time Delayers | p. 18 |
| Conclusion | p. 18 |
| Case Study -- Design of Air Defense ESRS | |
| Threat Model/Performance Requirements | p. 1 |
| Search | p. 1 |
| Detection Range -- Aircraft | p. 1 |
| Detection Range -- Missile | p. 1 |
| Resolution | p. 1 |
| False Alarm Number | p. 1 |
| Search Pattern | p. 1 |
| Array-Space Coordinates | p. 2 |
| Coordinate Transformation Summary | p. 2 |
| Probability of Detection | p. 4 |
| Energy Requirements | p. 4 |
| Track | p. 6 |
| Waveform | p. 6 |
| Accuracy -- One Sigma Values | p. 6 |
| MTI -- Moving Target Indication | p. 8 |
| Parameter Management | p. 9 |
| Time | p. 9 |
| Energy | p. 9 |
| Waveform | p. 10 |
| Power | p. 11 |
| Time and Power Budgets | p. 11 |
| Duty Cycle | p. 11 |
| Compact, Constrained Feed Phased Array for AN/SPY-1 | |
| General Functional Requirements of the Array as a Sub-Segment of the AN/SPY-1 Radar | p. 1 |
| Functional Description of the Array Antenna | p. 1 |
| Description of Major Array Components | p. 3 |
| Radiating Elements | p. 3 |
| Array Modules | p. 3 |
| Combinations of Array Modules | p. 3 |
| Receiver Beamforming Networks | p. 7 |
| Array Environments | p. 7 |
| Performance Requirements | p. 7 |
| Internal Heat Load Sources and Air Flow Distribution | p. 8 |
| Ships Resources Utilized | p. 8 |
| Array Structure | p. 8 |
| Structural Analysis | p. 8 |
| Summary of Array Performance Characteristics | p. 13 |
| RF Loss | p. 13 |
| Computed Pattern Characteristics | p. 13 |
| Overall Assembly | p. 13 |
| Array Testing | p. 13 |
| Test Facility | p. 13 |
| Test Range | p. 13 |
| Calibration and Verification Facilities | p. 13 |
| Array and BSC Operational Status Check | p. 13 |
| Coordinate Systems | p. 23 |
| Angular Coverage | p. 23 |
| Results of Performance Tests | p. 23 |
| Self-Duplexing | p. 23 |
| Antenna Mismatch | p. 25 |
| Coverage | p. 25 |
| Instantaneous Bandwidth | p. 25 |
| Receive Gain | p. 27 |
| Transmit Gain | p. 27 |
| Transmit and Receive Patterns | p. 27 |
| Summary of Pattern Data | p. 35 |
| Antenna Monopulse Tracking Characteristics | p. 35 |
| Polarization Characteristics of the AN/SPY-1 Array | p. 35 |
| Limited Scan Arrays - Part 1 | |
| Basic Requirements of Limited Scan | p. 1 |
| Instantaneous Bandwidth | p. 1 |
| Polarization Characteristics and Weather | p. 2 |
| Fundamental Bounds and Concepts for Ideal Limited Scan Systems | p. 2 |
| Estimates of the Minimum Number of Control Elements | p. 2 |
| Ideal Subarray Pattern: Concept of Overlap | p. 6 |
| Spatial Fourier Transforms: Orthogonal Beams and Orthogonal Beam Matrices | p. 6 |
| Orthogonality and Some Practical Conclusions about Limited Scan Arrays | p. 7 |
| An Idealized Circuit for Spatial Overlap, and It's Implications for Design | p. 8 |
| The Completely Overlapped Subarray Antenna System (HIPSAF) | p. 9 |
| Arrays with Reflectors or Lenses | p. 9 |
| Single Reflector and Lens Techniques | p. 10 |
| Dual Reflector or Lens Antennas | p. 12 |
| Limited Scan Arrays - Part 2 | |
| Array Techniques | p. 1 |
| Aperiodic Arrays | p. 1 |
| Spatially Interlaced Arrays | p. 1 |
| Multi-Mode Scanning Techniques | p. 3 |
| Overlapped Sub-Array Techniques | p. 8 |
| Selecting Element Latices for Optimum Scanning | p. 11 |
| Dielectric Layers as Spatial Filters | p. 13 |
| Design Examples and Conclusion | p. 14 |
| Single Reflector Designs | |
| Dual Reflectors or Lenses | p. 14 |
| Array Techniques | p. 15 |
| Conclusion | p. 16 |
| Computer Control of a Multifunction Radar - Part 1 | |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Functional Description of System | p. 1 |
| Radar System Operation | p. 3 |
| Software System Requirements | p. 3 |
| Functional Requirements | p. 4 |
| Basic Processes | p. 4 |
| Multifunction Processing Requirements | p. 4 |
| Search-and-Detect Processes | p. 5 |
| Radar Dwell Scheduling | p. 5 |
| Controlling False Alarms and Redundant Detections | p. 5 |
| Controlling Multiple Detections | p. 6 |
| Redetection Control | p. 6 |
| Transition-to-Track Process | p. 6 |
| Track Maintenance | p. 6 |
| User Services | p. 6 |
| Computer Control of a Multifunction Radar - Part 2 | |
| Definition of Software System | p. 1 |
| Priority Processing and Multiprogramming | p. 1 |
| Program Architecture | p. 1 |
| Executive Control of Multifunction Operation | p. 4 |
| Module Communications | p. 4 |
| Data and Control Flows | p. 5 |
| Concepts for Efficient Real Time Operation Batch Processing for Reduced Overhead | p. 5 |
| General Considerations | p. 5 |
| Fully Utilizing the Radar Resource | p. 6 |
| Further System Consideration | p. 8 |
| Saturation Mechanisms | p. 8 |
| Sample System | p. 8 |
| Peak-Load Case | p. 9 |
| Nominal Search | p. 9 |
| Comparison of Cases | p. 9 |
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