| Fault Location - Basic Concept and Characteristic of Methods | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Aim of Fault Location and Its Importance | p. 2 |
| Fault Locators Versus Protective Relays | p. 4 |
| General Division of Fault-location Techniques | p. 7 |
| Input Signals of Fault Locators | p. 9 |
| Pre-fault, Fault and Post-fault Data | p. 9 |
| Use of Different Input Signals for Fault Location | p. 11 |
| Fault-location Errors | p. 14 |
| Accuracy of Fault Location | p. 14 |
| Factors Influencing Fault-location Accuracy | p. 15 |
| Traveling-wave Method | p. 17 |
| Introduction | p. 17 |
| Traveling-wave Fault-location Theory | p. 19 |
| Data and Equipment Required | p. 21 |
| Classifications of Traveling-wave Methods | p. 23 |
| High-frequency Methods | p. 24 |
| Introduction | p. 24 |
| Basic Principle and Fault-locator Design | p. 25 |
| Network Configurations and Models | p. 27 |
| Introduction | p. 27 |
| Overhead Lines | p. 27 |
| Single-circuit Overhead Lines | p. 28 |
| Double-circuit Lines | p. 29 |
| Multi-terminal and Tapped Lines | p. 34 |
| Overhead Line and Cable Composite Networks | p. 36 |
| Models of Overhead Lines | p. 37 |
| Lumped-parameter Models | p. 38 |
| Distributed-parameter Models | p. 48 |
| Modal Transformation | p. 52 |
| Series-compensated Lines | p. 54 |
| Distribution Networks | p. 59 |
| Basic Principles of Distribution Systems | p. 59 |
| Methods of Neutral Grounding | p. 61 |
| Network Representation | p. 64 |
| Power-line Faults - Models and Analysis | p. 67 |
| Introduction | p. 67 |
| Fault on Power Lines | p. 68 |
| Fault Types | p. 68 |
| Fault Statistics | p. 71 |
| Models of Resistive Faults in Symmetrical Components | p. 71 |
| Models of Resistive Faults in Phase Coordinates | p. 77 |
| Arcing Faults | p. 81 |
| Fault-identification Algorithms | p. 87 |
| Fault Detection | p. 87 |
| Phase Selection | p. 90 |
| Directional Detection | p. 94 |
| Signal Processing for Fault Location | p. 97 |
| Introduction | p. 97 |
| Hme-Versus Frequency-domain Analysis | p. 98 |
| Phasor-based Algorithms | p. 109 |
| Phasor Measurement | p. 111 |
| DC Component Consideration | p. 129 |
| Synchrophasors | p. 139 |
| Time-domain Analysis | p. 141 |
| Differential-equation-based Approach | p. 141 |
| Laplace-transform Application | p. 144 |
| Time-frequency Analysis | p. 146 |
| Short-time Fourier Transform | p. 146 |
| Wavelet Transform | p. 149 |
| Measurement Chains of Fault Locators | p. 157 |
| Introduction | p. 157 |
| Voltage Transformers | p. 158 |
| Transient Performance | p. 159 |
| Dynamic Compensation | p. 163 |
| Frequency Response | p. 169 |
| Current Transformers | p. 170 |
| Basics of Current Transformers | p. 170 |
| Fault Location Under CT Saturation | p. 172 |
| Frequency Response | p. 182 |
| Analog Anti-aliasing Filters | p. 182 |
| One-end Impedance-based Fault-location Algorithms | p. 187 |
| Introduction | p. 187 |
| Fault Location Based on Impedance Measurement | p. 187 |
| Fault Current Distribution Factors | p. 191 |
| Transmission Network with Single-circuit Line | p. 191 |
| Transmission Network with Double-circuit Line | p. 193 |
| Models of Fault Loops | p. 197 |
| Fault Location with Use of Fault Current Distribution Factors | p. 200 |
| Fault Location Related to Distance-protection Measurements | p. 202 |
| Fault Location with Use of Impedance Data of Network | p. 203 |
| Fault Location on Double-circuit Line Using Complete Measurements at One End | p. 208 |
| Fault Location on Double-circuit Line with Limited Measurements at One End | p. 213 |
| Fault Location Utilizing Only Phase-current Phasors | p. 218 |
| Fault Location with Limited Use of Current Phasors | p. 220 |
| Fault Location with Arc-voltage Estimation | p. 221 |
| Fault Location on Untransposed Lines | p. 222 |
| Fault Location on Series-compensated Lines | p. 227 |
| Representation of Compensating Bank | p. 227 |
| Fault Location on Single Series-compensated Line | p. 237 |
| Fault Location on Line Compensated at Both Ends | p. 244 |
| Fault Location on Double-circuit Series-compensated Line | p. 245 |
| Differential-equation-based Algorithm | p. 251 |
| Accuracy Improvement by Application of Distributed-parameter Line Model | p. 260 |
| Two-end and Multi-end Fault-location Algorithms | p. 263 |
| Introduction | p. 263 |
| Use of Two-end Synchronized Measurements | p. 264 |
| Phasor-based Approach | p. 264 |
| Time-domain Approach | p. 265 |
| Use of Two-end Unsynchronized Measurements | p. 267 |
| Fault Location with Measurement of Synchronization Angle | p. 267 |
| Elimination of Synchronization Angle | p. 273 |
| Analytical Determination of Synchronization Angle | p. 276 |
| Optimal Two-end Unsynchronized Fault-location Algorithm | p. 277 |
| Synchronization of Measurements of Distance Relays | p. 284 |
| Use of Unsynchronized Measurements of Distance Relays | p. 295 |
| Use of Incomplete Two-end Measurements | p. 298 |
| Use of Two-end Voltages | p. 298 |
| Use of Two-end Voltages and One-end Current | p. 300 |
| Use of Two-end Currents and One-end Voltage | p. 306 |
| Fault Location with Exchange of Limited Information | p. 309 |
| Two-end Fault Location on Series-compensated Lines | p. 310 |
| Introduction | p. 310 |
| Fault-location Subroutines | p. 311 |
| Selection of Valid Subroutine | p. 313 |
| Recent Developments of Two-end Fault Location | p. 317 |
| Fault Location on Three-terminal Lines | p. 318 |
| Use of Three-end Measurements | p. 319 |
| Fault Location Associated with Current Differential Protective Relays | p. 322 |
| Use of Two-end Measurements | p. 325 |
| Use of Minimal Measurements | p. 328 |
| Fault Location on Multi-terminal and Tapped Lines | p. 329 |
| Fault Location in Distribution Networks | p. 333 |
| Introduction | p. 333 |
| Faults in Distribution System | p. 334 |
| Solidly Grounded Networks | p. 335 |
| Locating Faults on Compensated Distribution Networks | p. 337 |
| Locating Faults on Underground and Paralleled Cables | p. 338 |
| Review of the Standard Fault-location Techniques for Distribution Systems | p. 339 |
| Method Based on Lumped-parameters Network Model | p. 339 |
| Technique with Two-port Network Section Representation | p. 341 |
| Algorithm Based on Fault-recorder Data | p. 345 |
| General Form of Impedance-based Algorithms | p. 352 |
| Review of Non-standard Fault-location Techniques for Distribution Systems | p. 358 |
| DMS-based Fault Location | p. 359 |
| Artificial Intelligent Fault-location Techniques for Distribution Systems | p. 360 |
| Artificial Intelligence Application | p. 361 |
| Introduction | p. 361 |
| Artificial Intelligence Methods | p. 362 |
| Expert Systems | p. 363 |
| Fuzzy Logic | p. 364 |
| Artificial Neural Networks | p. 375 |
| Genetic Algorithms | p. 386 |
| Application Examples | p. 389 |
| Phase Selection | p. 389 |
| Fault-direction Detection | p. 395 |
| Fault Location Using ANN | p. 395 |
| Wavelet-transform Application | p. 400 |
| Genetic Algorithms Application | p. 405 |
| References | p. 407 |
| Index | p. 423 |
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