Power Systems

1.0 Overview of Power Sector Scenario in India 1.1 Historical background & Stages of Growth 1.2 The Growth Story of Indian Power Sector 1.2.1 The Growth in Power Infrastructure 1.2.2 The Growth in Rural Electrification 1.2.3 Growth in Electricity Consumption 1.2.4 The growth in generating capacity addition 1.3 Distribution Business is a Service Industry 1.4 Present Status at National Level 1.5 Development in last decade in respect of Distribution Utilities in India 1.6 Distribution Reforms in India 1.6.1 Private Participation in Distribution 1.6.2 Distribution privatization in Delhi 1.6.3 Distribution Franchisee 1.7 Statutory Bodies in Power Industries 1.7.1 Central Electricity Authority (CEA) 1.7.2 Appellate Tribunal for Electricity 1.7.3 Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) 1.7.4 State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) 1.7.5 Central Transmission Utility 1.7.6 State Transmission Utility 1.7.7 National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC) 1.7.8 Regional Load Dispatch Centers (RLDC) 1.7.9 State Load Dispatch Centers (SLDC) 1.7.10 Grievances Redressal Forum and Ombudsman 2.0 Distribution Planning and Optimization 2.1 System Planning Studies 2.1.1 Power Requirement Study 2.1.2 Long Range System Planning 2.1.3 Short range system planning 2.1.4 Coordination Study 2.1.5 Economic Conductor Analysis (T&D loss reduction) 2.1.6 Power factor correction (Capacitor installation) 2.2 CEA guidelines on Distribution network Planning 2.3 Operation Overview 2.3.1 Operation Management 2.4 System Disturbances or Outage 2.4.1 Disturbance categorizations 2.5 Power Quality 2.6 Maintenance Planning & Implementation 2.6.1 Evolving World Class Maintenance 2.6.2 Main Causes of Electrical Failure 2.6.3 Preventive Maintenance 2.6.4 Predictive Maintenance 2.6.5 Condition Based Maintenance 2.6.6 Reliability - Cantered Maintenance (RCM) 2.6.7 Predictive Maintenance (PdM) 2.6.8 Pre-Monsoon Maintenance 2.7 History Cards 2.8 New Technology Maintenance 2.8.1 Ultrasonic Noise Analysis 2.8.2 Partial Discharge Detection 2.8.3 Transformer Dissolved Gas Analysis 2.8.4 Infrared Thermography 2.8.5 Hot-Line Maintenance 2.9 Integrated Approach 2.9.1 A Case Study & International Practice for Maintenance of Equipment's 2.9.2 Understanding AS-IS Scenario of Distribution Network Assets 2.9.3 Formulation of the CAPEX Plan 2.9.4 Typical Causes of Poor Reliability 2.9.5 Basic Ways to Improve Reliability 2.10 Reliability Data 2.10.1 Utility Trend in Reliability 2.10.2 Reliability Roadmap 3.0 Best practices in Operation & Maintenance Distribution Lines 3.1 Description of Distribution Network 3.2 Poles & Tower Structures 3.2.1 Selection Criteria of PCC Poles as per REC 3.3 Line Span 3.3.1 Permissible Line Span as per REC Standards 3.4 Over-Head Distribution Lines 3.4.1 Preventive Maintenance of Overhead Lines 3.5 Cables 3.6 Insulators 4.0 Best Practices in Operation and Maintenance of Distribution Substation Equipment's and Auxiliaries 4.1 Description of Distribution Substation 4.2 Typical Layout of a 33/11 kV Substation 4.3 Surge/Lightening Arrestors 4.3.1 Predictive maintenance of Lightening Arresters 4.4 Instrumentation Transformer (CT & PT) 4.4.1 Current Transformer Type 4.4.2 Causes and Nature Failure 4.4.3 Primitive maintenance of Instrumentation Transformers 4.4.4 Preventive maintenance of Instrumentation Transforms 4.4.5 CT Testing 4.4.6 PT Testing 4.5 Circuit Breaker 4.5.1 Description 4.5.2 Causes & Nature of Failure 4.5.3 Primitive Maintenance of CB 4.5.4 Preventive Maintenance of CB 4.5.5 Predictive Maintenance of CB 4.6 Insulators and Earth switching 4.6.1 Description 4.6.2 Various types of Insulators4.6.3 Causes and Nature of Failure 4.6.4 Primitive Maintenance 4.6.5 Preventive maintenance of Isolators 4.7 Capacitor Bank 4.7.1 Description 4.7.2 Causes & Nature of Failure 4.7.3 Primitive Maintenance of Capacitor Bank 4.7.4 Preventative Maintenance of capacitor bank 4.7.5 Predictive maintenance 4.8 Control & relay panels 4.8.1 Description 4.8.2 Colors for Internal Wiring 4.8.3 Causes & Nature of Failure 4.8.4 Maintenance of Control Panel 4.9 Bus Bar 4.10 Battery& battery Charger 4.10.1 Description 4.10.2 Common Causes of Fault & Best Practices for Maintenance of battery 4.10.3 Preventive Maintenance of Battery 4.11 Earth Grid & Earthing System 4.11.1 Types of Earthing 4.11.2 Common Earth System for Low and High Voltage Systems 4.11.3 Overhead Lines are Earthed 4.11.4 Preventive Maintenance schedule of Earth Grid 5.0 Best Practice in Operation & Maintenance of Transformer and Protection Systems 5.1 Power Transformer 5.1.1 Description 5.1.2 Causes & nature of Failure 5.1.3 Primitive Maintenance of Power Transformer 5.1.4 Visual checking of Transformer 5.1.5 Preventive Maintenance schedule of Power Transformer 5.1.6 Predictive Maintenance 5.1.7 Condition Monitoring of Transformer 5.2 Distribution Transformer 5.2.1 Description 5.2.2 Operation of Transformer 5.2.3 Causes of Failure of Distribution Transformers 5.2.4 Preventative Maintenance Schedule 5.3 Protective Relays 5.3.1 Description 5.3.2 Over Current and Earth Fault Relay 5.3.3 Transformer Protection 5.3.4 Differential Relay 5.3.5 Restricted Earth Fault Relay 5.4 Feeder Protection 5.5 Operational Mistakes 6.0 International Best Practices in Operation & Maintenance (Advanced Gadgets) 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Reclosure/Auto Reclosure 6.3 Sanctionaliser 6.4 Amorphous core transformer 6.5 Dry Type Transformer 6.6 Ring Main Unit 6.7 Packaged Unit Substation (PUS) 6.8 MV Switch Gear 6.9 Fault Passage Indicator 6.10 Automatic Power Factor Controller 6.11 Transformer Load Analyser (TLA) 6.11.1 Principle of Thermal Imaging 6.11.2 Infrared Radiation 6.11.3 Emissivity 6.12 Tan-Delta Testing Kit 6.12.1 Equipment required for Tan-Delta test kit 6.13 Cable Fault Detector 6.13.1 Megger Insulation Tester 6.13.2 Polarization Index 6.14 Gas Leakage Detector 6.15 Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker 6.16 Crimping Machine 6.17 Oil Filtration Machine 7.0 Best Practices in Distribution Engineering and Automation 7.1 High Voltage Distribution System 7.1.1 Technical Superiority of HVDS 7.1.2 HVDS Single Phase Irrigation 7.1.3 Additional advantages of HVDS 7.1.4 Critical issues frequently faced on HVDS 7.1.5 Economics 7.1.6 Usage of Three numbers of Single Phase against One Three Phase Transformer in Urban Localities 7.1.7 Restructuring existing LVDS to HVDS 7.1.8 3-Phase HVDS 7.1.9 Advantages of HVDS 7.2 Aerial Bunch Conductor (ABC) based Distribution System 7.2.1 Introduction 7.2.2 Construction of ABC 7.2.3 Material 7.2.4 Stringing 7.2.5 Jointing 7.2.6 Application 7.2.7 Advantages 7.3 Consumer Indexing 7.4 Up-to-Date Asset Register 7.5 Distribution Automation 7.5.1 Economical 7.5.2 Technical 7.6 Distribution Management System (DMS) 7.7 Mobile Substation 8.0 Best Practices in Operation & Maintenance of Energy Meters 8.1 Provisions about Metering 8.1.1 Indian Electricity Act 2003 8.1.2 Electricity Act 2003 Section 55 8.1.3 CEA Notification dated 17th March 2006 8.2 Meter Classification 8.2.1 Variety of Meters 8.2.2 Location of Meters 8.2.3 Interface Meters 8.2.4 Consumer Meters 8.2.5 Energy accounting and Audit Meters8.2.6 Generating Stations 8.2.7 Transmission Stations 8.2.8 Distribution System 8.2.9 Metering accuracy comparison of Electromechanical Vs Electronic Energy Meters 8.2.10 Communication facility in Meters 8.3 Factor affecting Metering Accuracy & Reliability 8.3.1 Calibration and periodical testing of Meters 8.4 Installation of Best Practices 8.5 Best Practices for Reliable Metering 8.6 Storage Methodology in TVMs 8.7 Testing of Meters 8.7.1 Pre Installation Laborotory testing 8.7.2 Onsite Tests 8.7.3 Joint Inspection of Meter 8.8 Meter Sealing 8.9 Latest Advanced Technology in Metering 8.9.1 Meter Data Acquisition (MDA) 8.9.2 AMR Technology 8.9.3 Prepaid Metering