Preface.
1 OUTLINE OF THE BOOK.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Reliability Assessment of Power Systems.
1.3 Organization of the Chapters.
1.4 Conclusions.
References.
2 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS.
2.1 Concept of Frequency.
2.2 Important Parameters of Frequency Distribution.
2.3 Theory of Probability.
2.4 Probability Distribution Model.
2.5 Sampling Theory.
2.6 Statistical Decision Making.
2.7 Conclusions.
References.
3 RELIABILITY PRINCIPLES.
3.1 Failure Rate Model.
3.2 Concept of Reliability of Population.
3.3 Mean Time to Failures.
3.4 Reliability of Complex Systems.
3.5 Standby System Modeling.
3.6 Concepts of Availability and Dependability.
3.7 Reliability Measurement.
3.8 Conclusions.
References.
4 APPLICATIONS OF SIMPLE RELIABILITY MODELS.
4.1 Equipment Failure Mechanism.
4.2 Availability of Equipment.
4.3 Oil Circuit Recloser (OCR) Maintenance Issues.
4.4 Distribution Pole Maintenance Practices.
4.5 Procedures for Ground Testing.
4.6 Insulators Maintenance.
4.7 Customer Service Outages.
4.8 Conclusions.
References.
5 ENGINEERING ECONOMICS.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Concept of Interest and Equivalent.
5.3 Common Terms.
5.4 Formulas for Computing Interest.
5.5 Annual Cost.
5.6 Present Value (PV) Concept.
5.7 Theory of Rate of Return.
5.8 Cost?Benefit Analysis Approach.
5.9 Financial Risk Assessment.
5.10 Conclusions.
References.
6 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX NETWORK
CONFIGURATIONS.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 State Enumeration Methodologies.
6.3 Network Reduction Methods.
6.4 Bayes. Theorem in Reliability.
6.5 Construction of Fault Tree Diagram.
6.6 The Application of Conditional Probability Theory to System
Operating Configurations.
6.7 Conclusions.
References.
7 DESIGNING RELIABILITY INTO INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER
SYSTEMS.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Example 1: Simple Radial Distribution System.
7.3 Example 2: Reliability Analysis of a Primary Selective
System to the 13.8 kV Utility Supply.
7.4 Example 3: A Primary Selective System to the Load Side of a
13.8 kV Circuit Breaker.
7.5 Example 4: Primary Selective System to the Primary of the
Transformer.
7.6 Example 5: A Secondary Selective System.
7.7 Example 6: A Simple Radial System with Spares.
7.8 Example 7: A Simple Radial System with Cogeneration.
7.9 Reliability Evaluation of Miscellaneous System
Configurations.
7.10 Conclusions.
References.
8 ZONE BRANCH RELIABILITY METHODOLOGY.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Zone Branch Concepts.
8.3 Industrial System Study.
8.4 Application of Zone Branch Methodology: Case Studies.
.4.5 Case 5: Design .E.?Dual Supply Primary Selective.
8.4.6 Case 6: Design .F.?Double Bus/Double Breaker
Radial.
8.4.7 Case 7: Design .G.?Double Bus/Double Breaker
Loop.
8.4.8 Case 8: Design .H.?Double Bus/Breaker Primary
Selective.
8.5 Conclusions.
References.
9 EQUIPMENT OUTAGE STATISTICS.
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Interruption Data Collection Scheme.
9.3 Typical Distribution Equipment Outage Statistics.
9.4 Conclusions.
References.
10 HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT.
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Automatic Outage Management System.
10.3 Historical Assessment.
10.4 Crew Center-Level Analysis.
10.5 Development of a Composite Index for Reliability
Performance Analysis at the Circuit Level.
10.6 Conclusions.
References.
11 DETERMINISTIC CRITERIA.
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Current Distribution Planning and Design Criteria.
11.3 Reliability Cost Versus Reliability Benefit Trade-Offs in
Distribution System Planning.
11.4 Alternative Feed Requirements for Overhead Distribution
Systems.
11.5 Examples of Deterministic Planning Guidelines for
Alternative Feed Requirements.
11.6 Value-Based Alternative Feeder Requirements Planning.
11.7 Conclusions.
References.
12 IMPORTANT FACTORS RELATED TO DISTRIBUTION
STANDARDS.
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 Relevant Issues and Factors in Establishing Distribution
Reliability Standards.
12.3 Performance Indices at Different System Levels of a
Utility.
12.4 Performance Indices for Different Utility Types.
12.5 Conclusions.
References.
13 STANDARDS FOR REREGULATED DISTRIBUTION UTILITY.
13.1 Introduction.
13.2 Cost of Service Regulation versus Performance-Based
Regulation.
13.3 A Reward/Penalty Structure in the Performance-Based
Rates.
13.4 Historical SAIFI and SAIDI Data and their
Distributions.
13.5 Computation of System Risks Based on Historical Reliability
Indices.
13.6 Cause Contributions to SAIFI and SAIDI Indices.
13.7 Conclusions.
References.
14 CUSTOMER INTERRUPTION COST MODELS FOR LOAD POINT
RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT.
14.1 Introduction.
14.2 Customer Interruption Cost.
14.3 Series and Parallel System Model Equations.
14.4 Dedicated Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration.
14.5 Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration Serving Multiple
Customers.
14.6 Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration Serving Multiple
Customers with Manual Sectionalizing.
14.7 Distribution Radial Feeder Configuration Serving Multiple
Customers with Automatic Sectionalizing.
14.8 Distribution System Looped Radial Feeders.
14.9 Conclusions.
References.
15 VALUE-BASED PREDICTIVE RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT.
15.1 Introduction.
15.2 Value-Based Reliability Planning.
15.3 Distribution System Configuration Characteristics.
15.4 Case Studies.
15.5 Illustrative Example System Problem and Its Reliability
Calculations.
15.6 Conclusions.
References.
16 ISOLATION AND RESTORATION PROCEDURES.
16.1 Introduction.
16.2 Distribution System Characteristics.
16.3 Case Studies.
16.4 Major Substation Outages.
16.5 Summary of Load Point Interruption Costs.
16.6 Conclusions.
References.
17 MESHED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RELIABILITY.
17.1 Introduction.
17.2 Value-Based Reliability Assessment in a Deregulated
Environment.
17.3 The Characteristics of the Illustrative Urban Distribution
System.
17.4 Discussion of Results.
17.5 Feeder and Transformer Loading Levels.
17.6 Bus and Feeder Tie Analysis.
17.7 Maintenance.
17.8 Feeders with Nonfused (Lateral) Three-Phase Branches.
17.9 Feeder Tie Placement.
17.10 Finding Optimum Section Length.
17.11 Feeder and Transformer Loading.
17.12 Feeder Tie Cost Calculation.
17.13 Effects of Tie Maintenance.
17.14 Additional Ties for Feeders with Three-Phase Branches.
17.15 Conclusions.
References.
18 RADIAL FEEDER RECONFIGURATION ANALYSIS.
18.1 Introduction.
18.2 Predictive Feeder Reliability Analysis.
18.3 Reliability Data and Assumptions.
18.4 Reliability Assessment for an Illustrative Distribution
Feeder.
18.5 Alternative Improvement Options Analysis.
18.6 Summary of the Illustrative Feeder Reliability Performance
Improvement Alternatives.
18.7 Conclusions.
References.
19 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION.
19.1 Introduction.
19.2 Problem Definition.
19.3 Illustrative Distribution System Configuration
Characteristics.
19.4 Reliability Assessment Model.
19.5 Discussion of Results.
19.6 Conclusions.
References.
20 MODELS FOR SPARE EQUIPMENT.
20.1 Introduction.
20.2 Development of Probabilistic Models for Determining Optimal
Number of Transformer Spares.
20.3 Optimal Transformer Spares for Illustrative 72 kV
Distribution Transformer Systems.
20.4 Conclusions.
References.
21 VOLTAGE SAGS AND SURGES AT INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL
SITES.
21.1 Introduction.
21.2 ANSI/IEEE Standard 446?IEEE Orange Book.
21.3 IEEE Standard 493-2007?IEEE Gold Book.
21.4 Frequency of Voltage Sags.
21.5 Example Voltage Sag Problem: Voltage Sag Analysis of
Utility and Industrial Distribution Systems.
21.6 Frequency and Duration of Voltage Sags and Surges at
Industrial Sites: Canadian National Power Quality Survey.
21.7 Scatter Plots of Voltage Sag Levels as a Function of
Duration.
21.8 Scatter Plots of Voltage Surge Levels as a Function of
Duration.
21.9 Primary and Secondary Voltage Sages Statistical
Characteristics.
21.10 Primary and Secondary Voltage Surges Statistical
Characteristics.
21.11 Conclusions.
References.
SELECTED PROBLEMS AND ANSWERS.
Index.
