Power Analysis Attacks

Revealing the Secrets of Smart Cards

By: Elisabeth Oswald, Thomas Popp, Stefan Mangard

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Hardcover | 12 March 2007

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364 Pages

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24.2 x 17.1 x 2.5

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Power analysis attacks allow the extraction of secret information from smart cards. Smart cards are used in many applications including banking, mobile communications, pay TV, and electronic signatures. In all these applications, the security of the smart cards is of crucial importance.

Power Analysis Attacks: Revealing the Secrets of Smart Cards is the first comprehensive treatment of power analysis attacks and countermeasures. Based on the principle that the only way to defend against power analysis attacks is to understand them, this book explains how power analysis attacks work. Using many examples, it discusses simple and differential power analysis as well as advanced techniques like template attacks. Furthermore, this volume provides an extensive discussion of countermeasures like shuffling, masking, and DPA-resistant logic styles.

By analyzing the pros and cons of the different countermeasures, Power Analysis Attacks: Revealing the Secrets of Smart Cards allows practitioners to decide how to protect smart cards. This book also provides valuable information for advanced-level students, and researchers working in information security.

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Paperback

Published: 29th October 2010

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Foreword	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Notation	p. xvii
Glossary	p. xxi
Introduction	p. 1
Cryptography and Cryptographic Devices	p. 1
Attacks on Cryptographic Devices	p. 3
Power Analysis Attacks	p. 6
Countermeasures Against Power Analysis Attacks	p. 11
Summary	p. 13
Cryptographic Devices	p. 15
Components	p. 15
Design and Implementation	p. 17
Design Steps	p. 17
Semi-Custom Design	p. 19
Logic Cells	p. 22
Types of Logic Cells	p. 22
Complementary CMOS	p. 24
Summary	p. 25
Power Consumption	p. 27
Power Consumption of CMOS Circuits	p. 27
Static Power Consumption	p. 28
Dynamic Power Consumption	p. 29
Glitches	p. 32
Power Simulations and Power Models for Designers	p. 34
Analog Level	p. 34
Logic Level	p. 35
Behavioral Level	p. 37
Comparison	p. 38
Power Simulations and Power Models for Attackers	p. 38
Hamming-Distance Model	p. 39
Hamming-Weight Model	p. 40
Other Power Models	p. 42
Comparison	p. 43
Measurement Setups for Power Analysis Attacks	p. 43
Typical Measurement Setups	p. 44
Power Measurement Circuits and EM Probes	p. 45
Digital Sampling Oscilloscopes	p. 48
Examples of Measurement Setups	p. 49
Quality Criteria for Measurement Setups	p. 53
Electronic Noise	p. 54
Switching Noise	p. 55
Summary	p. 58
Statistical Characteristics of Power Traces	p. 61
Composition of Power Traces	p. 61
Characteristics of Single Points	p. 62
Electronic Noise	p. 63
Data Dependency	p. 65
Operation Dependency	p. 70
Leakage of Single Points	p. 70
Signal and Noise	p. 70
Signal-to-Noise Ratio	p. 73
Characteristics of Power Traces	p. 79
Correlation	p. 79
Multivariate-Gaussian Model	p. 81
Compression of Power Traces	p. 82
Relevant Points of Power Traces	p. 83
Examples	p. 85
Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing	p. 86
Sampling Distribution	p. 87
Confidence Intervals	p. 88
Confidence Interval and Hypothesis Test for [mu]	p. 89
Confidence Interval and Hypothesis Test for [mu][subscript x] - [mu][subscript y]	p. 93
Confidence Interval and Hypothesis Test for p	p. 95
Confidence Interval and Hypothesis Test for p[subscript o] - p[subscript i]	p. 97
Summary	p. 98
Simple Power Analysis	p. 101
General Description	p. 101
Visual Inspections of Power Traces	p. 102
Example for Software	p. 103
Template Attacks	p. 105
General Description	p. 105
Template Building Phase	p. 106
Template Matching Phase	p. 107
Example for a MOV Instruction	p. 109
Example for the AES Key Schedule	p. 111
Collision Attacks	p. 112
Example for Software	p. 113
Notes and Further Reading	p. 114
Differential Power Analysis	p. 119
General Description	p. 119
Attacks Based on the Correlation Coefficient	p. 123
Examples for Software	p. 124
Examples for Hardware	p. 129
Calculation and Simulation of Correlation Coefficients	p. 136
Examples for Software	p. 138
Examples for Hardware	p. 142
Assessing the Number of Needed Power Traces	p. 146
Rule of Thumb	p. 147
Examples	p. 148
Alternatives to the Correlation Coefficient	p. 150
Difference of Means	p. 151
Distance of Means	p. 153
Generalized Maximum-Likelihood Testing	p. 154
Template-Based DPA Attacks	p. 155
General Description	p. 155
Examples for Software	p. 157
Notes and Further Reading	p. 158
Hiding	p. 167
General Description	p. 167
Time Dimension	p. 168
Amplitude Dimension	p. 169
Methods to Implement Hiding	p. 171
Architecture Level	p. 172
Software	p. 172
Hardware	p. 173
Cell Level	p. 175
General Description of DRP Logic Styles	p. 176
Constant Power Consumption of DRP Logic Styles	p. 178
Semi-Custom Design and DRP Logic Styles	p. 180
Examples of DRP Logic Styles	p. 182
Sense Amplifier Based Logic	p. 183
Wave Dynamic Differential Logic	p. 189
Notes and Further Reading	p. 194
Attacks on Hiding	p. 201
General Description	p. 201
Time Dimension	p. 202
Amplitude Dimension	p. 203
DPA Attacks on Misaligned Power Traces	p. 205
Reasons for Misalignment	p. 205
Alignment of Power Traces	p. 206
Preprocessing of Power Traces	p. 209
Examples	p. 212
Attacks on DRP Logic Styles	p. 216
Balanced Complementary Wires	p. 216
Unbalanced Complementary Wires	p. 219
Notes and Further Reading	p. 219
Masking	p. 223
General Description	p. 223
Boolean vs. Arithmetic Masking	p. 224
Secret Sharing	p. 225
Blinding	p. 225
Provable Security	p. 226
Architecture Level	p. 226
Software	p. 227
Hardware	p. 231
Cell Level	p. 236
General Description of Masked Logic Styles	p. 236
Semi-Custom Design and Masked Logic Styles	p. 238
Examples of Masked Logic Styles	p. 238
Masked Dual-Rail Precharge Logic	p. 238
Notes and Further Reading	p. 242
Attacks on Masking	p. 245
General Description	p. 245
Second-Order DPA Attacks	p. 246
DPA Attacks	p. 247
Multiplicative Masking	p. 247
Mask Reuse Attacks	p. 249
Biased Mask Attacks	p. 250
Second-Order DPA Attacks on Software Implementations	p. 250
Preprocessing	p. 251
DPA Attacks on the Preprocessed Traces	p. 252
Example for Masked AES	p. 254
Example for Masked and Shuffled AES	p. 256
Second-Order DPA Attacks on Software Implementations Using Templates	p. 257
Templates Before Preprocessing the Traces	p. 257
Templates for Preprocessing the Traces	p. 259
Templates After Preprocessing the Traces	p. 259
Template-Based DPA Attacks	p. 260
General Description	p. 261
Example for Masked AES	p. 262
Second-Order DPA Attacks on Hardware Implementations	p. 263
Preprocessing	p. 264
DPA Attacks on Preprocessed Traces	p. 265
Example for a Masked S-Box	p. 265
Example for MDPL	p. 266
Notes and Further Reading	p. 267
Conclusions	p. 273
Specific Conclusions	p. 274
General Conclusions	p. 280
Appendices	p. 283
DPA Article by Kocher et al.	p. 283
Background	p. 283
Introduction to Power Analysis	p. 284
Preventing SPA	p. 286
Differential Power Analysis of DES Implementations	p. 286
Differential Power Analysis of Other Algorithms	p. 290
Preventing DPA	p. 291
Related Attacks	p. 292
Conclusions	p. 292
The Advanced Encryption Standard	p. 295
Algorithm	p. 296
Structure of the AES Encryption	p. 296
Round Transformation	p. 297
Key Schedule	p. 299
Software Implementation	p. 301
Microcontrollers	p. 301
AES Assembly Implementation	p. 302
Hardware Implementation	p. 303
Encryption Core	p. 304
S-Box	p. 306
References	p. 397
Author Index	p. 329
Topic Index	p. 335
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Power Analysis Attacks

Revealing the Secrets of Smart Cards

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