Powder Technology

1 An overview of pneumatic conveying systems and performance.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Why pneumatic conveying?.- 1.3 What can be conveyed?.- 1.4 What constitutes a pneumatic conveying system?.- 1.5 Modes of pneumatic conveying.- 1.6 Basic pneumatic conveying systems.- 1.7 Further classification techniques.- 1.8 Description and operation of a pneumatic conveying system.- 1.9 Putting it all together.- 1.10 An overview.- 1.11 Some useful conversion factors and tables.- References.- 2 Single phase flow in pneumatic conveying systems.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Definitions.- 2.3 Perfect gas laws.- 2.4 Drying of compressed air.- 2.5 The compression process.- 2.6 Gas flow through pipes.- 2.7 Illustrative examples.- References.- 3 Fluid and particle dynamics.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Law of continuity.- 3.3 Drag on a particle.- 3.4 Equations for calculation of relevant properties.- 3.5 Fluidization characteristics of powders.- References.- 4 Fundamentals.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Forces acting on a single particle in an air stream.- 4.3 Particle size.- 4.4 Shape.- 4.5 Dynamic equations.- 4.6 Terminal velocity.- 4.7 Single particle acceleration.- 4.8 Centrifugal flow.- 4.9 Slip velocity in a gravitational field.- 4.10 Multiple particle systems.- 4.11 Voidage and slip velocity.- 4.12 Frictional representations.- 4.13 Acceleration and development regions.- 4.14 Particle distribution in pneumatic conveying.- 4.15 Compressibility effect not negligible.- 4.16 Speed of sound in gas-solid transport.- 4.17 Gas-solid flow with varying cross-sectional area.- 4.18 Branching arrangements.- 4.19 Bend analysis.- 4.20 Downward sloping particle flow.- 4.21 Dense phase transport.- 4.22 Estimation of pressure drop in slugging dense phase conveying.- 4.23 Estimation of pressure drop in non-slugging dense phase conveying.- 4.24 Plug flows.- 4.25 Worked examples.- References.- 5 Flow regimes in vertical and horizontal conveying.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Choking versus non-choking system in vertical flow.- 5.3 Choking system in vertical flow.- 5.4 Non-choking system in vertical flow.- 5.5 Particle segregation in vertical pneumatic transport.- 5.6 Saltation in horizontal conveying.- References.- 6 Principles of pneumatic conveying.- 6.1 Introduction-putting it all together.- 6.2 The state diagram revisited.- 6.3 Methods for scaling-up.- 6.4 Use of theoretical models and definitions.- 6.5 Additional pressure drop factoz (?z).- 6.6 Pressure drop.- 6.7 Some important functional relationships.- 6.8 Sequence to be followed to obtain the system pressure loss (?p).- References.- 7 Feeding of pneumatic conveying systems.- 7.1 Introduction and overall design philosophy.- 7.2 Classification of feeding systems.- 7.3 Feeder selection criteria.- 7.4 Low pressure feeding devices.- 7.5 Medium pressure feeding systems.- 7.6 High pressure feeding devices.- 7.7 Conclusions.- References.- 8 Flow in standpipes and gravity conveyors.- 8.1 Introduction-standpipes and gravity conveyors.- 8.2 Classification of standpipe systems.- 8.3 Classification of flow modes in a standpipe.- 8.4 Equations pertaining to each flow mode.- 8.5 Flow through a valve.- 8.6 Stability of standpipe flow.- 8.7 Analysis of industrial standpipes-case studies.- 8.8 Gravity conveyors.- References.- 9 An overview of high pressure systems including long distance and dense phase pneumatic conveying systems.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 High pressure systems.- 9.3 Dense phase flow classification.- 9.4 A description of plug flow and the relationships between plug flow and material characteristics.- 9.5 System selection and product characteristics.- 9.6 Dense phase system design.- 9.7 Long distance pneumatic conveying and pressure loss minimization.- 9.8 Conclusions.- References.- 10 Gas-solids separation.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Selection criteria.- 10.3 Cyclone separators-theory of the separation of particles in the centrifugal field.- 10.4 Fabric filters.- 10.5 Cleaning by sound.- 10.6 Conclusions.- References.- 11 Some comments on: the flow behaviour of solids from silos; wear in pneumatic conveying systems; ancillary equipment.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 The flow of solids from bins.- 11.3 Flow aid devices for silos and hoppers.- 11.4 Wear in pneumatic conveying systems.- 11.5 Ancillary equipment.- 11.6 Conclusions.- References.- 12 Control of pneumatic transport.- 12.1 Basic material flow and control theory.- 12.2 Transport lags.- 12.3 Analysis of gas-solid flow by transfer functions.- 12.4 Stability of pneumatic transfer systems.- 12.5 Stability analysis with Taylor series linearization.- 12.6 Linear stability analysis-Jackson approach.- 12.7 Stability via the Liapunov analysis.- References.- 13 Instrumentation.- 13.1 Standard instrumentation.- 13.2 Transducers.- 13.3 Cross-correlation procedures.- 13.4 A Coriolis force meter.- 13.5 Dielectric meter.- 13.6 Load cells.- 13.7 Particle tagging.- 13.8 Electrostatic based meters.- 13.9 Acoustic measurements.- 13.10 Screw conveyors.- 13.11 Light measuring devices.- 13.12 Other techniques for particle velocities.- 13.13 Instrumentation for industrial applications.- References.- 14 System design and worked examples.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Moisture content in air.- 14.3 The design of industrial vacuum systems.- 14.4 Dilute phase pneumatic conveying system design (method 1).- 14.5 Dilute phase pneumatic conveying system design (method 2).- 14.6 Dilute phase pneumatic conveying system design (method 3).- 14.7 Dense phase pneumatic conveying system design.- 14.8 Test yourself-dilute phase calculations.- 14.9 Gas-solid flow examples.- 14.10 Conclusions.- References.