| Acknowledgments | p. xi |
| Introduction | p. xiii |
| Key Notation | p. xix |
| Measures of Risk and Return | p. 1 |
| Measuring Return | p. 1 |
| The Key Portfolio Risk Measures | p. 6 |
| Risk-Return Preferences and Portfolio Optimization | p. 12 |
| The Capital Asset Pricing Model and Its Applications to Risk Analysi | p. 23 |
| The Objectives and Limitations of Portfolio Risk Analysis | p. 31 |
| Unstructured Covariance Matrices | p. 36 |
| Estimating Return Covariance Matrices | p. 36 |
| The Error-Maximization Problem | p. 47 |
| Portfolio Choice as Decision Making under Uncertainty | p. 54 |
| Industry and Country Risk | p. 61 |
| Industry-Country Component Models | p. 61 |
| Empirical Evidence on the Relative Magnitudes of Country and Industry Risks | p. 73 |
| Sector-Currency Models of Corporate Bond Returns | p. 77 |
| Statistical Factor Analysis | p. 79 |
| Types of Factor Models | p. 79 |
| Approximate Factor Models | p. 82 |
| The Arbitrage Pricing Theory | p. 86 |
| Small-n Estimation Methods | p. 88 |
| Large-n Estimation Methods | p. 93 |
| Number of Factors | p. 98 |
| The Macroeconomy and Portfolio Risk | p. 101 |
| Estimating Macroeconomic Factor Models | p. 101 |
| Event Studies of Macroeconomic Announcements | p. 110 |
| Macroeconomic Policy Endogeneity | p. 112 |
| Business Cycle Betas | p. 115 |
| Empirical Fit and the Relative Value of Macroeconomic Factor Models | p. 116 |
| Equity and Fixed-Income Characteristics | p. 117 |
| Characteristic-Based Factor Models of Equities | p. 122 |
| The Fama-French Model and Extensions | p. 130 |
| The Semiparametric Approach to Characteristic-Based Factor Models | p. 132 |
| Measuring and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk | p. 134 |
| Definitions of Foreign Exchange Risk | p. 134 |
| Optimal Currency Hedging | p. 142 |
| Currency Covariances with Stock and Bond Returns | p. 149 |
| Macroeconomic Influences on Currency Returns | p. 151 |
| Integrated Risk Models | p. 155 |
| Global and Regional Integration Trends | p. 115 |
| Risk Integration across Asset Classes | p. 158 |
| Segmented Asset Allocation and Security Selection | p. 159 |
| Integrated Risk Models | p. 162 |
| Dynamic Volatilities and Correlations | p. 167 |
| GARCH Models | p. 167 |
| Stochastic Volatility Models | p. 178 |
| Time Aggregation | p. 180 |
| Downside Correlation | p. 181 |
| Option-Implied Volatility | p. 184 |
| The Volatility Term Structure at Long Horizons | p. 187 |
| Time-Varying Cross-Sectional Dispersion | p. 188 |
| Portfolio Return Distributions | p. 191 |
| Characterizing Return Distributions | p. 191 |
| Estimating Return Distributions | p. 196 |
| Tail Risk | p. 203 |
| Nonlinear Dependence between Asset Return | p. 207 |
| Agency Ratings and Factor Models of Spread Risk | p. 213 |
| Rating Transitions and Default | p. 217 |
| Credit Instrumentn | p. 218 |
| Conceptual Approaches to Credit Risk | p. 220 |
| Recovery at Default | p. 232 |
| Portfolio Credit Models | p. 232 |
| The 2007-8 Credit-Liquidity Crisis | p. 238 |
| Some Basic Terminology | p. 241 |
| Measuring Transactions Cost | p. 246 |
| Statistical Properties of Liquidity | p. 261 |
| Optimal Trading Strategies and Transaction Costs | p. 266 |
| Nonsynchronours Pricing and Smoothed Returns | p. 271 |
| Time-Varying Risk, Nonlinear Payoff, and Style Drift | p. 284 |
| Selection and Survivorship Biases | p. 291 |
| Collectibles: Measuring Return and Risk with Infrequent and Error-Prone Observations | p. 295 |
| Summary | p. 298 |
| Return-Based Performance Measurement | p. 299 |
| Holdings-Based Performance Measurement and Attribution | p. 303 |
| Volatility Forecast Evaluation | p. 309 |
| Value-at-Risk Hit Rates | p. 316 |
| Forecast and Realized Return Densities | p. 317 |
| Some Key Messages | p. 319 |
| Question for Future Research | p. 320 |
| References | p. 323 |
| Index | p. 345 |
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