Preface ix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Outline on Wave-Transparent Composites 1
1.2 Composition of Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites 2
1.2.1 Polymer Matrix 3
1.2.2 Reinforced Fibers 4
1.3 Factors Influencing the Wave-Transparent Performances of Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites 7
1.4 Property Requirements for Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites 8
1.4.1 Wave-Transparent Performances 8
1.4.2 Mechanical Properties 9
1.4.3 Heat Resistant Properties 9
1.4.4 Environmental Resistance Properties 9
References 9
2 Wave-Transparent Mechanism, Test Methods for Dielectric Properties and Wave-Transparent Models of Wave-Transparent Materials 21
2.1 Wave-Transparent Mechanism of Wave-Transparent Materials 21
2.2 Dielectric Parameter Equations for Wave-Transparent Materials 23
2.2.1 Clausius–Mossotti Equation 23
2.2.1.1 Electron Polarization 23
2.2.1.2 Atomic Polarization 24
2.2.1.3 Ion Polarization 24
2.2.1.4 Orientated Polarization 25
2.2.1.5 Interfacial Polarization 25
2.2.2 Maxwell–Garnett Equation 26
2.2.3 Lichtenecker Equation 27
2.3 Test Methods for Dielectric Properties of Wave-Transparent Materials 28
2.3.1 Resonance Method 28
2.3.1.1 Perturbation Method 28
2.3.1.2 High Q Cavity Method 29
2.3.1.3 Quasi-Optical Cavity Method 31
2.3.2 Nonresonant Method 33
2.3.2.1 Transmission Line Method 33
2.3.2.2 Free-Space Method 34
2.4 Wave-Transparent Model of Wave-Transparent Materials 36
2.4.1 Single-Layer Wave-Transparent Model 36
2.4.2 Two-Layer Wave-Transparent Model 38
2.5 Summary 43
References 43
3 Polymer Matrix 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Common Polymer Matrix 51
3.2.1 Epoxy Resins 51
3.2.2 Phenolic (PF) Resins 54
3.2.3 Bismaleimide (BMI) Resins 58
3.2.3.1 Modified BMI Resins by Diamine Chain Extension 58
3.2.3.2 Modified BMI Resins by Allyl Compounds 59
3.2.3.3 Modified BMI Resins by Rubber Elastomers 59
3.2.3.4 Modified BMI Resins by Thermoplastic Resins 59
3.2.3.5 Modified BMI Resins by Thermoset Resins 60
3.2.3.6 Modified BMI Resins by Flexible Long-Chain Segments 60
3.2.3.7 Other Modification Methods 60
3.2.4 Silicone Resins 61
3.2.5 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Resin 63
3.2.6 Unsaturated Polyester (UP) Resins 64
3.2.7 Cyanate Ester (CE) Resins 67
3.3 Design and Preparation of Polymer Matrix with Low Dielectric Constant 72
3.3.1 Epoxy Resins 73
3.3.1.1 Structural Modification of Epoxy Resins with Low ε 73
3.3.1.2 Curing Agent with Low ε for Epoxy Resins 73
3.3.1.3 Epoxy Composites with the Addition of Low ε Compounds, Fillers, or Fibers 73
3.3.2 Phenolic Resins 78
3.3.3 Bismaleimide Resins 78
3.3.4 Silicone Resins 79
3.3.5 Polytetrafluoroethylene Resins 81
3.3.6 Unsaturated Polyester Resins 81
3.3.7 Cyanate Resins 81
3.3.7.1 CE Composites Blending with the Addition of Low ε Fillers 82
3.3.7.2 Structural Modification of CE Resins with Low ε 83
3.4 Summary 86
References 86
4 Reinforced Fibers 107
4.1 Inorganic Fibers 107
4.1.1 Glass Fibers 107
4.1.1.1 Types of Glass Fibers 107
4.1.1.2 Classification by Raw Material Composition 107
4.1.1.3 Classification by Usage Characteristics 108
4.1.1.4 Preparation of Glass Fibers 110
4.1.1.5 Structure of Glass Fibers 112
4.1.1.6 Properties of Glass Fibers 113
4.1.2 Quartz Fibers 114
4.1.2.1 Development History and Types of Quartz Fibers 115
4.1.2.2 Preparation of Quartz Fibers 117
4.1.2.3 Structure of Quartz Fibers 118
4.1.2.4 Properties of Quartz Fibers 120
4.2 Organic Fibers 120
4.2.1 Aramid Fibers 120
4.2.1.1 Types of Aramid Fibers 121
4.2.1.2 Preparation of Aramid Fibers 123
4.2.1.3 Structure of Aramid Fibers 125
4.2.1.4 Properties of Aramid Fibers 127
4.2.2 Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fibers 128
4.2.2.1 Synthesis of UHMWPE 129
4.2.2.2 Preparation of UHMWPE Fibers 131
4.2.2.3 Structure of UHMWPE Fibers 134
4.2.2.4 Properties of UHMWPE Fibers 135
4.2.3 Poly-p-Phenylene Benzobisoxazole Fibers 136
4.2.3.1 Synthesis of PBO Monomer and PBO Polymers 137
4.2.3.2 Preparation of PBO Fibers 139
4.2.3.3 Structures of PBO Fibers 140
4.2.3.4 Properties of PBO Fibers 141
4.3 Summary 142
References 142
5 Interfaces of Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites 155
5.1 Basic Concept of Interfaces 155
5.2 Formation of Interfaces 156
5.3 Interfacial Interaction Mechanism of the Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites 157
5.3.1 Mechanical Bonding Theory 157
5.3.2 Adsorption Theory 157
5.3.3 Diffusion Theory 157
5.3.4 Acid-Base Interaction Theory 158
5.3.5 Chemical Bonding Theory 158
5.4 Characterization of Interfacial Performances 158
5.4.1 Characterization of Chemical Performances of Interfaces 160
5.4.1.1 Elemental Composition and Functional Groups on the Surface of the Reinforced Fibers 160
5.4.2 Surface Free Energy of the Reinforced Fibers 161
5.4.3 Characterization of Physical Performances of Interfaces 164
5.4.3.1 Surface Morphology and Roughness of the Reinforced Fibers 164
5.4.3.2 Interface Layer of the Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites 168
5.4.4 Characterization of Interfacial Bonding Strength 169
5.4.4.1 Single Fiber Fracture Test 169
5.4.4.2 Single Fiber Pull-Out Test 170
5.4.4.3 Fiber Indentation/Ejection Test 172
5.4.4.4 Nano-Indentation Method 173
5.5 Improvement of Interfacial Compatibility for Reinforced Fibers/Polymer Matrix 177
5.5.1 Surface Functionalization of the Reinforced Fibers 177
5.5.1.1 Physical Modification 177
5.5.1.2 Chemical Modification 184
5.5.2 Interfacial Compatibilizers 198
5.5.2.1 Definition of the Interfacial Compatibilizer 198
5.5.2.2 Classification and Action Mechanism of the Interfacial Compatibilizers 198
5.5.2.3 Design and Synthesis of Interface Compatibilizers 199
5.6 Summary 208
References 208
6 The Molding Technologies of Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites 235
6.1 Structural Design of Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites 235
6.1.1 Structural Design Condition of the Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites 235
6.1.1.1 Requirements of Structural Properties 236
6.1.1.2 Load Condition 236
6.1.1.3 Environmental Condition 237
6.1.1.4 Reliability and Economy of the Products 238
6.1.2 Materials Design 238
6.1.2.1 Selection of Raw Materials 238
6.1.2.2 Determination of the Performances for Single Layer 239
6.1.2.3 Laminates Design 240
6.1.3 Structural Design 241
6.1.3.1 Structural Design Principles 242
6.1.3.2 Technological Requirements 242
6.1.3.3 External Factor 242
6.2 Molding Process of the Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites 243
6.2.1 Shaping 243
6.2.2 Impregnating 243
6.2.3 Curing 243
6.2.4 Hand Paste Molding 244
6.2.4.1 Types of Hand Paste Molding 245
6.2.4.2 Raw Materials of Hand Paste Molding 247
6.2.4.3 Release Agents of the Hand Paste Molding 247
6.2.4.4 Features of the Hand Paste Molding 248
6.2.5 Bag Molding 248
6.2.5.1 Vacuum Bag Molding 248
6.2.5.2 Pressure Bag Molding 250
6.2.5.3 Vacuum Bag-Autoclave Molding 250
6.2.6 Laminated Molding 251
6.2.6.1 Laminated Molding Process 251
6.2.6.2 Common Defects and Solutions of the Laminated Molding 253
6.2.7 Rtm 255
6.2.7.1 Process Flow of RTM 255
6.2.7.2 Structures of RTM Machine 257
6.2.7.3 Characteristics of RTM 258
6.2.8 Filament Winding 258
6.2.8.1 Classification of Filament Winding 258
6.2.8.2 Winding Rules 259
6.2.8.3 Winding Process 261
6.2.8.4 Characteristics of the Filament Winding 263
6.3 Summary 264
References 265
7 Application of the Polymer Matrix Wave-Transparent Composites 277
7.1 Aircraft Radomes 277
7.2 Radomes of Airborne, Shipborne, Ground, and Vehicle 278
7.2.1 Airborne Radomes 278
7.2.2 Shipboard Radomes 279
7.2.3 Ground Radomes 280
7.2.4 Vehicle-Mounted Radomes 281
7.3 5G Communication Radomes 282
7.4 Printed Circuit Board 283
7.5 Summary 284
References 285
Index 289
