| Introduction | p. 1 |
| What is Plasma Polarization Spectroscopy? | p. 1 |
| History of PPS | p. 5 |
| Classification of PPS Phenomena | p. 7 |
| Atomic Physics | p. 8 |
| References | p. 10 |
| Zeeman and Stark Effects | p. 13 |
| General Theory | p. 13 |
| Zeeman Effect | p. 17 |
| Stark Effect | p. 20 |
| Combination of Electric and Magnetic Fields | p. 25 |
| References | p. 27 |
| Plasma Spectroscopy | p. 29 |
| Collisonal-Radiative Model: Rate Equations for Population | p. 29 |
| Ionizing Plasma and Recombining Plasma | p. 34 |
| Ionizing Plasma Component | p. 34 |
| Recombining Plasma Component | p. 39 |
| Ionizing Plasma and Recombining Plasma | p. 45 |
| References | p. 49 |
| Population-Alignment Collisional-Radiative Model | p. 51 |
| Population and Alignment | p. 51 |
| Excitation, Deexcitation and Elastic Collisions: Semiclassical Approach | p. 55 |
| Monoenergetic Beam Perturbers and Cross Sections | p. 56 |
| Axially Symmetric Distribution | p. 58 |
| Rate Equation in the Irreducible-Component Representation | p. 61 |
| Rate Equation in the Conventional Representation | p. 62 |
| Ionization and Recombination | p. 64 |
| Rate Equations | p. 66 |
| Ionizing Plasma Component | p. 66 |
| Recombining Plasma Component | p. 67 |
| References | p. 68 |
| Definition of Cross Sections for the Creation, Destruction, and Transfer of Atomic Multipole Moments by Electron Scattering: Quantum Mechanical Treatment | p. 69 |
| General Theory | p. 69 |
| Inelastic Scattering | p. 76 |
| Alignment Creation by Elastic Electron Scattering | p. 81 |
| Semi-Classical Background | p. 82 |
| Wave-Packet Formulation of Alignment Creation by Elastic Scattering | p. 83 |
| Discussion and Conclusions | p. 87 |
| References | p. 88 |
| Collision Processes | p. 91 |
| Inelastic and Elastic Collisions | p. 91 |
| Excitation/Deexcitation and Ionization, Q[subscript 0 superscript 0,0](r, p), and Q[subscript 0 superscript 0,0](p, p) | p. 91 |
| Alignment Creation, Q[subscript 0 superscript 0,2](r, p), and Alignment-to-Population, Q[subscript 0 superscript 2,0](r, p) | p. 93 |
| Alignment Creation by "Elastic" Scattering, Q[subscript 0 superscript 0,2](p, p) | p. 98 |
| Alignment Transfer, Q[subscript q superscript 2,2](r, p), and Alignment Destruction, Q[subscript q superscript 2,2](p, p) | p. 101 |
| Recombination | p. 110 |
| Radiative Recombination | p. 110 |
| Dielectronic Recombination: Satellite Lines | p. 113 |
| Ionization | p. 116 |
| Alignment Relaxation by Atom Collisions | p. 117 |
| LIFS Experiment: Depopulation and Disalignment | p. 117 |
| Alignment Relaxation Observed by the Self-Alignment Method | p. 124 |
| References | p. 125 |
| Radiation Reabsorption | p. 127 |
| Alignment Creation by Radiation Reabsorption: Self-Alignment | p. 127 |
| Basic Principle | p. 127 |
| Latent Alignment | p. 131 |
| Self-Alignment | p. 132 |
| Alignment Relaxation: Alignment Destruction and Disalignment | p. 136 |
| References | p. 142 |
| Experiments: Ionizing Plasma | p. 145 |
| Gas Discharge Plasmas | p. 145 |
| Direct Current Discharge | p. 146 |
| High-Frequency Discharge | p. 150 |
| Neutral Gas Plasma Collision | p. 152 |
| Z-Pinch Plasmas | p. 154 |
| Vacuum Spark and X-Pinch | p. 156 |
| Plasma Focus and Gas Z-Pinch | p. 159 |
| Laser-Produced Plasmas | p. 163 |
| Magnetically Confined Plasmas | p. 166 |
| Tokamak Plasmas | p. 166 |
| Cusp Plasma | p. 167 |
| References | p. 176 |
| Experiments: Recombining Plasma | p. 179 |
| Introduction | p. 179 |
| Laser-Produced Plasmas | p. 179 |
| References | p. 184 |
| Various Plasmas | p. 185 |
| Charge Separation in Neutral Gas-Confined Laser-Produced Plasmas | p. 185 |
| Nonideal Plasmas and Their 3D Plasma Structure Reconstruction | p. 186 |
| Polarization Spectroscopy of LPP Plumes Confined by Low-Density Gas | p. 192 |
| Analysis and Discussion | p. 196 |
| Polarization-Resolved Plasma Structure Imaging | p. 197 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 199 |
| Polarization of X-Ray Laser | p. 201 |
| Introduction | p. 201 |
| Observation of the Polarization of QSS Collisional Excitation X-Ray Laser | p. 202 |
| Atomic Kinetics of Magnetic Sublevel Populations and Multipole Radiation Fields in Calculation of Polarization of Line Emissions | p. 206 |
| Introduction | p. 206 |
| Development of a Magnetic-Sublevel Atomic Kinetics Model | p. 207 |
| Calculation of Polarization-Dependent Spectral Line Intensities | p. 207 |
| Results | p. 210 |
| References | p. 212 |
| Polarized Atomic Radiative Emission in the Presence of Electric and Magnetic Fields | p. 215 |
| Introduction | p. 216 |
| Polarization-Density-Matrix Description | p. 218 |
| Field-Free Atomic Eigenstate Representation | p. 220 |
| Multipole Expansion of the Electromagnetic Interaction | p. 221 |
| Photon-Polarization Density Matrix Allowing for Coherent Excitation Processes in a General Arrangement of Electric and Magnetic Fields | p. 223 |
| Irreducible Spherical-Tensor Representation of the Density Operators | p. 226 |
| Stokes-Parameter Representation of the Photon Density Operator | p. 229 |
| Polarization of Radiative Emission Along the Magnetic-Field Direction | p. 230 |
| Polarization of Radiative Emission in the Presence of Perpendicular (crossed) Electric and Magnetic Fields and Coherent Excitation Processes | p. 230 |
| Circular Polarization of Radiative Emission in the Absence of a Perpendicular Electric Field and a Coherent Excitation Process | p. 231 |
| Radiative Emission in the Absence of Electric and Magnetic Fields and Coherent Excitation Processes | p. 232 |
| Electric-Dipole Transitions | p. 233 |
| Directed Excitation Processes | p. 233 |
| Spectral Patterns Due to the Circularly Polarized Radiative Emissions | p. 234 |
| Reduced-Density-Matrix Formulation | p. 236 |
| Frequency-Domain (Resolvent-Operator) Formulation | p. 239 |
| Time-Domain (Equation-of-Motion) Formulation | p. 241 |
| References | p. 244 |
| Astrophysical Plasmas | p. 247 |
| Introduction | p. 247 |
| Origin of Polarized Radiation | p. 249 |
| Description of Polarized Radiation | p. 250 |
| Quantum Theory of Photon-Atom Processes | p. 252 |
| The Hanle Effect in the Two-Level Atom | p. 256 |
| The 0-1 Atom in a Magnetic Field | p. 258 |
| The 1-0 Atom in a Magnetic Field | p. 265 |
| Scattering Polarization from Complex Atoms: The Role of Level-Crossing Physics | p. 272 |
| The Alignment-to-Orientation Conversion Mechanism | p. 272 |
| Hydrogen Polarization in the Presence of Magnetic and Electric Fields | p. 280 |
| References | p. 286 |
| Electromagnetic Waves | p. 289 |
| Introduction | p. 289 |
| Effect of Environment on Atomic Dynamics | p. 290 |
| An Atomic Computer Code | p. 290 |
| Matrices for Quantum Operators | p. 291 |
| Density-Matrix Equation of Motion and Line Profile | p. 292 |
| Computer Time | p. 293 |
| Atomic Data for Hydrogen | p. 293 |
| Calculations | p. 294 |
| Limitations of the Calculations | p. 299 |
| References | p. 300 |
| Instrumentation I | p. 303 |
| PPS Instrumentation in the UV-Visible Region | p. 303 |
| Sheet Polarizer and Narrow Bandpass Filters: Polarization Map | p. 303 |
| Birefringent Polarizers | p. 307 |
| Polarization Degree | p. 315 |
| Uncertainty of Polarization Degree for Low Signal Intensity | p. 315 |
| Signal Intensity and Photoelectron Number in CCD Detector | p. 318 |
| Experiments on the Uncertainty in Polarization Degree | p. 319 |
| Uncertainty with an Image Intensifier Coupled CCD | p. 322 |
| References | p. 325 |
| Instrumentation II | p. 327 |
| X-ray Polarization Measurements | p. 327 |
| Novel Polarimeter-Spectrometer for X-rays | p. 334 |
| Principle of X-ray Polarimeter | p. 334 |
| How to Cut a One-Crystal Polarimeter from a Crystal | p. 335 |
| The Optics of Polarimeter | p. 338 |
| Relationship between Bravais Indices of Polarizing and Mechanical Planes | p. 339 |
| Characteristics of the Four-Facet Quartz X-ray Polarimeter | p. 343 |
| References | p. 345 |
| Appendix | |
| Light Polarization and Stokes Parameters | p. 347 |
| Electric Dipole Radiation | p. 347 |
| Stokes Parameters | p. 350 |
| Angular Momentum and Rotation Matrix | p. 351 |
| Angular Momentum Coupling | p. 351 |
| 3-j Symbol | p. 351 |
| 6-j Symbol | p. 352 |
| Rotation Matrix | p. 354 |
| References | p. 357 |
| Density Matrix: Light Observation and Relaxation | p. 359 |
| Density Matrix | p. 359 |
| Temporal Development | p. 361 |
| Observation | p. 362 |
| Examples | p. 363 |
| [pi]-Light Excitation | p. 363 |
| [sigma]-Light Excitation | p. 364 |
| Magic-Angle Excitation | p. 365 |
| Isotropic Excitation | p. 365 |
| Magnetic Field | p. 366 |
| Relaxation | p. 368 |
| References | p. 369 |
| Hanle Effect | p. 371 |
| Classical Picture | p. 371 |
| Quantum Picture | p. 372 |
| Method to Determine the Population | p. 373 |
| References | p. 376 |
| Index | p. 377 |
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