Physicochemical Treatment Processes

Volume 3

By: Lawrence K. Wang (Editor), Yung-Tse Hung (Editor), Nazih K. Shammas (Editor)

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Hardcover | 11 March 2005 | Edition Number 2

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744 Pages

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The past 30 years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide to take positive actions to restore and protect the environment from the degrading effects of all forms of pollution: air, noise, solid waste, and water. Because pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of waste, the seemingly idealistic demand for "zero discharge" can be construed as an unrealistic demand for zero waste. However, as long as waste exists, we can only attempt to abate the subsequent pollution by converting it to a less noxious form. Three major questions usually arise when a particular type of pollution has been identified: (1) How serious is the pollution? (2) Is the technology to abate it available? and (3) Do the costs of abatement justify the degree of abatement achieved? The principal intention of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series is to help readers formulate answers to the last two questions. The traditional approach of applying tried-and-true solutions to specific pollution pr- lems has been a major contributing factor to the success of environmental engineering, and has accounted in large measure for the establishment of a "methodology of pollution c- trol. " However, realization of the ever-increasing complexity and interrelated nature of current environmental problems makes it imperative that intelligent planning of pollution abatement systems be undertaken.

Industry Reviews

"...the book is very well written with clear explanations of the processes, explanations enhanced by the use of charts, tables, and equipment and process diagrams...another excellent book by Wang and his collaborators." - Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Environmental Science Sanitary & Municipal Engineering Water Supply & Treatment Mechanical Engineering & Materials Materials Science Mechanics of Fluids Hydraulics & Pneumatics Pollution Control Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning The Environment

Pollution & Threats to the Environment

Preface	p. v
Contributors	p. xix
Screening and Comminution	p. 1
Function of Screens and Comminutors	p. 1
Types of Screens	p. 2
Coarse Screens	p. 2
Fine Screens	p. 2
Physical Characteristics and Hydraulic Considerations of Screens	p. 3
Cleaning Methods for Screens	p. 5
Quality and Disposal for Screens	p. 6
Comminutors	p. 7
Engineering Specifications and Experience	p. 8
Professional Association Specifications	p. 8
Engineering Experience	p. 11
Engineering Design	p. 12
Summary of Screening Design Considerations	p. 12
Summary of Comminution Design Considerations	p. 14
Design Examples	p. 15
Example 1: Bar Screen Design	p. 15
Example 2: Bar Screen Head Loss	p. 16
Example 3: Plugged Bar Screen Head Loss	p. 17
Example 4: Screen System Design	p. 17
Nomenclature	p. 18
References	p. 18
Flow Equalization and Neutralization	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
Flow Equalization	p. 21
Flow Equalization Basin Calculations	p. 23
Mixing and Aeration Requirements	p. 25
Mixer Unit	p. 26
Neutralization	p. 28
pH	p. 28
Acidity and Alkalinity	p. 29
Buffer Capacity	p. 30
Hardness	p. 31
Neutralization Practices	p. 32
Neutralization of Acidity	p. 32
Neutralization of Alkalinity	p. 33
Common Neutralization Treatments	p. 34
pH Neutralization Practices	p. 36
Passive Neutralization	p. 36
In-Plant Neutralization	p. 36
Influent pH Neutralization	p. 36
In-Process Neutralization	p. 37
Effluent Neutralization	p. 38
Chemicals for Neutralization	p. 38
Encapsulated Phosphate Buffers for In Situ Bioremediation	p. 39
Design of a Neutralization System	p. 39
Design Examples	p. 40
Nomenclature	p. 43
References	p. 44
Mixing	p. 47
Introduction	p. 47
Basic Concepts	p. 48
Criteria for Mixing	p. 50
Mixing Efficiency	p. 52
Fluid Shear	p. 54
Mixing Processes and Equipment	p. 55
Mixing in Turbulent Fields	p. 55
Mechanical Mixing Equipment	p. 58
Impeller Discharge	p. 69
Motionless Mixers	p. 71
Mixing in Batch and Continuous Flow Systems	p. 73
Suspension of Solids	p. 77
Static Mixer	p. 84
Design of Facilities	p. 86
Pipes, Ducts, and Channels	p. 86
Self-Induced and Baffled Basins	p. 89
Mechanically Mixed Systems	p. 90
Nomenclature	p. 99
References	p. 100
Coagulation and Flocculation	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
Applications of Coagulation	p. 104
Water Treatment	p. 104
Municipal Wastewater Treatment	p. 104
Industrial Waste Treatment	p. 104
Combined Sewer Overflow	p. 104
Factors to be Considered in Process Selection	p. 105
Properties of Colloidal Systems	p. 105
Electrokinetic Properties	p. 105
Hydration	p. 106
Brownian Movement	p. 106
Tyndall Effect	p. 106
Filterability	p. 107
Colloidal Structure and Stability	p. 107
Destabilization of Colloids	p. 109
Double-Layer Compression	p. 110
Adsorption and Charge Neutralization	p. 110
Entrapment of Particles in Precipitate	p. 111
Adsorption and Bridging between Particles	p. 111
Influencing Factors	p. 112
Colloid Concentration	p. 112
Coagulant Dosage	p. 112
Zeta Potential	p. 112
Affinity of Colloids for Water	p. 113
pH Value	p. 113
Anions in Solution	p. 114
Cations in Solution	p. 114
Temperature	p. 114
Coagulants	p. 114
Aluminum Salts	p. 115
Iron Salts	p. 116
Sodium Aluminate	p. 116
Polymeric Inorganic Salts	p. 117
Organic Polymers	p. 117
Coagulation Aids	p. 118
Coagulation Control	p. 118
Jar Test	p. 119
Zetameter	p. 120
Streaming Current Detector	p. 121
Chemical Feeding	p. 121
Mixing	p. 122
Rapid Mix	p. 124
Flocculation	p. 125
Design Examples	p. 127
Nomenclature	p. 137
References	p. 138
Chemical Precipitation	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Process Description	p. 142
Process Types	p. 142
Hydroxide Precipitation	p. 142
Sulfide Precipitation	p. 144
Cyanide Precipitation	p. 145
Carbonate Precipitation	p. 145
Coprecipitation	p. 146
Technology Status	p. 146
Chemical Precipitation Principles	p. 146
Reaction Equilibria	p. 146
Solubility Equilibria	p. 147
Ionic Strength and Activity	p. 148
Ionic Strength Example	p. 149
Common Ion Effect	p. 150
Common Ion Effect Example	p. 150
Soluble Complex Formation	p. 151
pH Effect	p. 152
Solubility Diagrams	p. 152
Chemical Precipitation Kinetics	p. 152
Nucleation	p. 153
Crystal Growth	p. 153
Aging	p. 154
Adsorption and Coprecipitation	p. 154
Design Considerations	p. 155
General	p. 155
Chemical Handling	p. 155
Mixing, Flocculation, and Contact Equipment	p. 156
Solids Separation	p. 157
Design Criteria Summary	p. 157
Process Applications	p. 158
Hydroxide Precipitation	p. 158
Carbonate Precipitation	p. 159
Sulfide Precipitation	p. 160
Cyanide Precipitation	p. 161
Magnesium Oxide Precipitation	p. 162
Chemical Oxidation-Reduction Precipitation	p. 162
Lime/Soda-Ash Softening	p. 162
Phosphorus Precipitation	p. 162
Other Chemical Precipitation Processes	p. 163
Process Evaluation	p. 163
Advantages and Limitations	p. 163
Reliability	p. 164
Chemicals Required	p. 165
Residuals Generated	p. 165
Process Performance	p. 165
Application Examples	p. 165
Nomenclature	p. 169
References	p. 170
Appendices	p. 174
Recarbonation and Softening	p. 199
Introduction	p. 199
Process Description	p. 199
Softening and Recarbonation Process Chemistry	p. 201
Lime/Soda Ash Softening Process	p. 203
Water Stabilization	p. 205
Other Related Process Applications	p. 206
Chemical Coagulation Using Magnesium Carbonate as a Coagulant	p. 206
Recovery of Magnesium as Magnesium Carbonate	p. 207
Recovery of Calcium Carbonate as Lime	p. 207
Recarbonation of Chemically Treated Wastewaters	p. 208
Process Design	p. 208
Sources of Carbon Dioxide	p. 208
Distribution Systems	p. 210
Carbon Dioxide Quantities	p. 212
Step-by-Step Design Approach	p. 212
Design and Application Examples	p. 215
Nomenclature	p. 226
Acknowledgments	p. 227
References	p. 227
Chemical Oxidation	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
Dissolved Oxygen and Concept of Oxidation	p. 230
The Definition of Oxidation State	p. 231
Theory and Principles	p. 233
Stoichiometry of Oxidation-Reduction Processes	p. 234
Thermodynamics of Chemical Oxidation	p. 236
Kinetic Aspects of Chemical Oxidation	p. 240
Oxygenated Reagent Systems	p. 243
Aeration in Water Purification and Waste Treatment	p. 243
Hydrogen Peroxide and Peroxygen Reagents	p. 246
High-Temperature Wet Oxidation	p. 248
Transition-Metal Ion Oxidation Systems	p. 256
Chromic Acid Oxidation	p. 256
Permanganate Oxidation	p. 258
Recent Developments in Chemical Oxidation	p. 261
Ozone (O₃) Processes	p. 261
Ultraviolet (UV) Processes	p. 262
Wet Oxidation	p. 263
Supercritical Water Oxidation	p. 264
Biological Oxidation	p. 264
Examples	p. 264
Nomenclature	p. 268
References	p. 269
Halogenation and Disinfection	p. 271
Introduction	p. 271
Chemistry of Halogenation	p. 274
Chlorine Hydrolysis	p. 274
Chlorine Dissociation	p. 275
Chlorine Reactions with Nitrogenous Matter	p. 275
Chlorine Reactions with Other Inorganics	p. 279
Chlorine Dioxide (ClO₂) Applications	p. 281
Chlorine Dioxide Generation	p. 281
Chlorine Dioxide Reaction with Nitrogenous Matter	p. 282
Chlorine Dioxide Reactions with Phenolic Compounds and Other Substances	p. 283
Bromine Hydrolysis	p. 283
Bromine Dissociation	p. 283
Bromine Reactions with Nitrogenous Matter	p. 284
Iodine Hydrolysis	p. 284
Iodine Dissociation	p. 284
Iodine Reactions with Nitrogenous Matter	p. 285
Disinfection with Halogens	p. 285
Modes and Rate of Killing in Disinfection Process	p. 285
Disinfection Conditions	p. 286
Disinfection Control with Biological Tests	p. 287
Disinfectant Concentration	p. 288
Chlorine and Chlorination	p. 288
Chlorine Compounds and Elemental Chlorine	p. 289
Chlorine Feeders	p. 290
Chlorine Handling Equipment	p. 291
Measurement of Chlorine Residuals	p. 291
Chlorine Dosages	p. 292
Chlorination By-Products	p. 293
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection	p. 294
Bromine and Bromination	p. 294
Iodine and Iodination	p. 295
Ozone and Ozonation	p. 295
Cost Data	p. 295
Recent Developments in Halogenation Technology	p. 296
Recent Environmental Concerns and Regulations	p. 296
Chlorine Dioxide	p. 297
Chloramines	p. 298
Coagulant	p. 298
Ozone	p. 299
Organic Disinfectants	p. 299
Ultraviolet (UV)	p. 300
Disinfection System Design	p. 300
Design Considerations Summary	p. 300
Wastewater Disinfection	p. 301
Potable Water Disinfection	p. 303
Design and Application Examples	p. 305
Example 1 (Wastewater Disinfection)	p. 305
Example 2 (Potable Water Disinfection)	p. 308
Example 3 (Glossary of Halogenation, Chlorination, Oxidation, and Disinfection)	p. 308
Nomenclature	p. 311
References	p. 311
Ozonation	p. 315
Introduction	p. 315
General	p. 315
Alternative Disinfectants	p. 316
Properties and Chemistry of Ozone	p. 316
General	p. 316
Physical Properties	p. 316
Chemical Properties	p. 317
Advantages and Disadvantages	p. 319
Applications of Ozone	p. 319
Disinfection Against Pathogens	p. 319
Zebra Mussel Abatement	p. 320
Iron and Manganese Removal	p. 320
Color Removal	p. 320
Control of Taste and Odor	p. 321
Elimination of Organic Chemicals	p. 321
Control of Algae	p. 321
Aid in Coagulation and Destabilization of Turbidity	p. 321
Process and Design Considerations	p. 321
Oxygen and Ozone	p. 321
Disinfection of Water by Ozone	p. 322
Disinfection of Wastewater by Ozone	p. 324
Disinfection By-Products	p. 333
Oxygenation by Ozone	p. 334
Advanced Oxidation Processes	p. 337
Ozonation System	p. 340
Air Preparation	p. 341
Electrical Power Supply	p. 344
Ozone Generation	p. 344
Ozone Contacting	p. 345
Destruction of Ozone Contactor Exhaust Gas	p. 348
Monitors and Controllers	p. 349
Costs of Ozonation Systems	p. 349
Equipment Costs	p. 349
Installation Costs	p. 352
Housing Costs	p. 353
Operating and Maintenance Costs	p. 353
Safety	p. 353
Nomenclature	p. 354
References	p. 355
Electrolysis	p. 359
Introduction	p. 359
Mechanisms of Electrolysis	p. 362
Organic and Suspended Solids Removal	p. 363
Organic and Suspended Solids Removal by Regular Electrolysis	p. 363
Organic and Suspended Solids Removal by Electrocoagulation	p. 364
Disinfection	p. 366
Phosphate Removal	p. 368
Ammonium Removal	p. 369
Cyanide Destruction	p. 369
Metal Removal	p. 370
Remediation of Nitroaromatic Explosives-Contaminated Groundwater	p. 372
Electrolysis-Stimulated Biological Treatment	p. 374
Nitrogen Removal	p. 375
Electrolytic Oxygen Generation	p. 374
References	p. 376
Sedimentation	p. 379
Introduction	p. 379
Historical	p. 379
Definition and Objective of Sedimentation	p. 380
Significance of Sedimentation in Water and Wastewater Treatment	p. 380
Types of Clarification	p. 380
Theory of Sedimentation	p. 381
Class 1 Clarification	p. 382
Class 2 Clarification	p. 386
Zone Settling	p. 387
Compression Settling	p. 390
Sedimentation Tanks in Water Treatment	p. 390
General Consideration	p. 390
Inlet and Outlet Control	p. 391
Tank Geometry	p. 392
Short Circuiting	p. 392
Detention Time	p. 392
Tank Design	p. 393
Sedimentation Tanks in Wastewater Treatment	p. 394
General Consideration and Basis of Design	p. 394
Regulatory Standards	p. 395
Tank Types	p. 395
Grit Chamber	p. 398
General	p. 398
Types of Grit Chambers	p. 399
Velocity Control Devices	p. 400
Design of Grit Chamber	p. 402
Gravity Thickening in Sludge Treatment	p. 403
Design of Sludge Thickeners	p. 405
Recent Developments	p. 406
Theory of Shallow Depth Settling	p. 407
Tube Settlers	p. 409
Lamella Separator	p. 410
Other Improvements	p. 411
Sedimentation in Air Streams	p. 412
General	p. 412
Gravity Settlers	p. 413
Costs	p. 414
General	p. 414
Sedimentation Tanks	p. 414
Gravity Thickeners	p. 416
Tube Settlers	p. 416
Design Examples	p. 418
Nomenclature	p. 426
References	p. 427
Appendix: US Yearly Average Cost Index for Utilities	p. 429
Dissolved Air Flotation	p. 431
Introduction	p. 431
Adsorptive Bubble Separation Processes	p. 431
Content and Objectives	p. 434
Historical Development of Clarification Processes	p. 435
Conventional Sedimentation Clarifiers	p. 435
Innovative Flotation Clarifiers	p. 437
Dissolved Air Flotation Process	p. 440
Process Description	p. 440
Process Configurations	p. 441
Factors Affecting Dissolved Air Flotation	p. 443
Dissolved Air Flotation Theory	p. 444
Gas-to-Solids Ratio of Full Flow Pressurization System	p. 444
Gas-to-Solids Ratio of Partial Flow Pressurization System	p. 446
Gas-to-Solids Ratio of Recycle Flow Pressurization	p. 447
Air Solubility in Water at 1 Atm	p. 448
Pressure Calculations	p. 449
Hydraulic Loading Rate	p. 449
Solids Loading Rate	p. 451
Design, Operation, and Performance	p. 453
Operational Parameters	p. 455
Performance and Reliability	p. 455
Chemical Treatment	p. 455
Sampling, Tests, and Monitoring	p. 457
Sampling	p. 457
Laboratory and Field Tests	p. 457
Procedures and Apparatus for Chemical Coagulation Experiments	p. 457
Procedures and Apparatus for Laboratory Dissolved Air Flotation Experiments	p. 459
Full Flow Pressurization System	p. 459
Partial Flow Pressurization System	p. 460
Recycle Flow Pressurization System	p. 461
Normal Operating Procedures	p. 462
Physical Control	p. 462
Startup	p. 463
Routine Operations	p. 464
Shutdown	p. 464
Emergency Operating Procedures	p. 464
Loss of Power	p. 464
Loss of Other Treatment Units	p. 465
Operation and Maintenance	p. 465
Troubleshooting	p. 465
Labor Requirements	p. 465
Construction and O&M Costs	p. 465
Energy Consumption	p. 465
Maintenance Considerations	p. 466
Environmental Impact and Safety Considerations	p. 468
Recent Developments in Dissolved Air Flotation Technology	p. 468
General Recent Developments	p. 468
Physicochemical SBR-DAF Process for Industrial and Municipal Applications	p. 470
Adsorption Flotation Processes	p. 471
Dissolved Gas Flotation	p. 471
Combined Sedimentation and Flotation	p. 472
Application and Design Examples	p. 472
Nomenclature	p. 491
Acknowledgments	p. 492
References	p. 493
Gravity Filtration	p. 501
Introduction	p. 501
Physical Nature of Gravity Filtration	p. 502
Transport Mechanism	p. 502
Attachment Mechanisms	p. 504
Detachment Mechanisms	p. 504
Mathematical Models	p. 504
Idealized Models	p. 505
Empirical Models	p. 509
Design Considerations of Gravity Filters	p. 510
Water Variables	p. 510
Filter Physical Variables	p. 511
Filter Operating Variables	p. 517
Applications	p. 522
Potable Water Filtration	p. 522
Reclamation of Wasterwater	p. 522
Design Examples	p. 527
Nomenclature	p. 539
References	p. 540
Polymeric Adsorption and Regenerant Distillation	p. 545
Introduction	p. 545
Polymeric Adsorption Process Description	p. 547
Process System	p. 547
Process Steps	p. 547
Regeneration Issues	p. 547
Polymeric Adsorption Applications and Evaluation	p. 548
Applications	p. 548
Process Evaluation	p. 550
Polymeric Adsorbents	p. 550
Chemical Structure	p. 550
Physical Properties	p. 552
Adsorption Properties	p. 552
Design Considerations	p. 552
Adsorption Bed, Adsorbents, and Regenerants	p. 552
Generated Residuals	p. 555
Distillation	p. 557
Distillation Process Description	p. 557
Distillation Types and Modifications	p. 557
Distillation Process Evaluation	p. 560
Design and Application Examples	p. 560
Acknowledgments	p. 570
References	p. 571
Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption	p. 573
Introduction	p. 573
Process Flow Diagrams for GAC Process	p. 576
Adsorption Column Models	p. 577
Design of Granular Activated Carbon Columns	p. 585
Design of GAC Columns	p. 585
Pilot Plant and Laboratory Column Tests	p. 590
Regeneration	p. 591
Factors Affecting GAC Adsorption	p. 592
Adsorbent Characteristics	p. 592
Adsorbate Characteristics	p. 592
Performance and Case Studies	p. 593
Economics of Granular Activated Carbon System	p. 595
Design Examples	p. 602
Historical and Recent Developments in Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption	p. 623
Adsorption Technology Milestones	p. 623
Downflow Conventional Biological GAC Systems	p. 625
Upflow Fluidized Bed Biological GAC System	p. 627
Nomenclature	p. 628
References	p. 630
Physicochemical Treatment Processes for Water Reuse	p. 635
Introduction	p. 635
Conventional Physicochemical Treatment Processes	p. 636
Principle	p. 636
Application of the Physicochemical Processes in Wastewater Treatment and Reuse	p. 651
Membrane Processes	p. 658
Principle	p. 658
Application of Membrane Processes	p. 661
References	p. 675
Introduction to Sludge Treatment	p. 677
The Origin of Sludge	p. 677
Conditioning Processes	p. 678
Coagulation	p. 678
Flocculation	p. 681
Conditioner Choice	p. 681
Optimal Dose	p. 682
Dewatering Processes	p. 684
Dewatering Processes	p. 684
Sludge Thickening	p. 685
Sludge Dewatering	p. 687
Stabilization Processes	p. 691
Hydrolysis Processes	p. 691
Digestion Processes	p. 695
Thermal Processes	p. 699
Sludge Incineration	p. 699
Sludge Drying	p. 701
Other Thermal Processes	p. 702
References	p. 703
Index	p. 705
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Physicochemical Treatment Processes

Volume 3

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

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