| The First Task of the Philosophy of Nature-The Problem of Elementarily | p. 1 |
| Biographical Notes | p. 4 |
| Appendix: How Critical Thought Transformed the Ancient Picture of the World | p. 4 |
| The Philosophical Myth of Creation-The Platonic Philosophy of Nature | p. 7 |
| Ideas and Their Shadows | p. 7 |
| Becoming and Being | p. 9 |
| The Prototype of the Concept of Space | p. 10 |
| Time: The Moving Image of Eternity | p. 11 |
| Symmetries | p. 12 |
| The Achievements of the Platonic Philosophy of Nature | p. 13 |
| Biographical Notes | p. 14 |
| Appendix: Platonism's "Ideas" in the History of Western Philosophy | p. 14 |
| Aristotle's Physics | p. 17 |
| Introduction: From the World of Ideas to Individual Objects | p. 17 |
| The Ontological Point of View | p. 18 |
| The Point of View of Physics | p. 20 |
| A Philosophy of Change | p. 22 |
| The Theory of Hylomorphism | p. 23 |
| The Principles of Aristotle's Dynamics | p. 24 |
| The Significance of Aristotle's Physics | p. 26 |
| Biographical Notes | p. 27 |
| Appendix: Aristotelianism and Platonism-The Rivalry of Systems | p. 28 |
| Aristotle's Method of Cosmological Speculation | p. 31 |
| Appendix: Ancient Ideas About the Structure of the Universe | p. 35 |
| Descartes' Mechanism | p. 37 |
| The Road to the Empirical Method | p. 37 |
| The Geometrical Mechanics of Descartes | p. 38 |
| The Geometrical Mechanism of Descartes | p. 39 |
| In the Context of System | p. 41 |
| Biographical Notes | p. 41 |
| Appendix: The Philosophy of Nature from the Middle Ages to Modern Times | p. 43 |
| Isaac Newton and the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy | p. 47 |
| Introduction: Towards a New Method | p. 47 |
| Newton's Introduction to the Principia | p. 49 |
| Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy | p. 53 |
| The Scholium | p. 55 |
| Biographical Notes | p. 58 |
| Appendix: The Mechanistic Image of the World in Newton's Principia | p. 59 |
| The World of Leibniz: The Best of All Possible Worlds | p. 61 |
| Leibniz and Descartes: A Contrast | p. 61 |
| The Logic of God and the Logic of the World | p. 62 |
| The World of Substances | p. 63 |
| Teleology of the World | p. 65 |
| From Metaphysical Dynamics to Physical Dynamics | p. 66 |
| The Relational Theory of Space and Time | p. 68 |
| Biographical Notes | p. 70 |
| Appendix: The Leibniz-Clarke Debate | p. 70 |
| Immanuel Kant: The A Priori Conditions of the Sciences | p. 73 |
| The Fundamental Question: How Are the Sciences Possible? | p. 73 |
| Synthetic A Priori Judgments | p. 74 |
| How Is Pure Mathematics Possible? The Categories of Space and Time | p. 75 |
| How Is a Pure Science of Nature Possible? | p. 78 |
| The Boundaries of Philosophy | p. 79 |
| A Critique of the Kantian Critique | p. 80 |
| Biographical Notes | p. 83 |
| Appendix: The Kant-Laplace Cosmological Hypothesis | p. 83 |
| The Romantic Philosophy of Nature | p. 85 |
| Introduction: From Mysticism to Idealism | p. 85 |
| The Mysticism of Being | p. 86 |
| Fichte: The Romantic Theory of Science | p. 88 |
| Schilling's Speculative Physics | p. 89 |
| A Philosophical Science of Nature | p. 90 |
| The Debate About Hegel | p. 92 |
| Evaluation and Conclusions | p. 95 |
| Biographical Notes | p. 97 |
| Appendix: Romanticism in Poland-Between Philosophy and Literature | p. 98 |
| The Cosmology of Whitehead: The Universe as Process | p. 101 |
| Sources of the Great System | p. 101 |
| Speculative Philosophy and the Empirical Sciences | p. 102 |
| The Conception of Nature | p. 104 |
| The Theory of the Bifurcation of Nature and Its Critique | p. 105 |
| Space and Time | p. 107 |
| The Metaphysics of Process | p. 108 |
| Some Remarks in Conclusion | p. 110 |
| Biographical Notes | p. 111 |
| Appendix: Process Philosophy and Its Continuation in Modern Thought | p. 111 |
| Popper's Open Universe | p. 113 |
| The General Outline of Popper's Thought | p. 113 |
| Popper's Intellectual Morality | p. 114 |
| Antiessentialism and the Defense of Philosophy | p. 117 |
| Popper's Three Worlds | p. 118 |
| Popper's Philosophical and Cosmological Indeterminism | p. 119 |
| The Metaphysics of Probabilities | p. 122 |
| The Strategy of Evolution | p. 123 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 124 |
| Biographical Notes | p. 125 |
| Appendix: The Influence of Popper's Thought on Contemporary Philosophy of Science | p. 125 |
| Science as Philosophy | p. 129 |
| From Science to Philosophy | p. 129 |
| Mechanism and Its Fall | p. 130 |
| Philosophical Problems of the Theory of Relativity | p. 133 |
| Philosophical Problems of Quantum Mechanics | p. 141 |
| The Philosophical Problems of the Unification of Physics | p. 144 |
| Biographical Notes | p. 147 |
| Appendix: The Dream of Unity-A Sketch of the Philosophy of Science of Albert Einstein | p. 148 |
| Problems and Methods of the Philosophy of Nature | p. 153 |
| The Growth of Criticism | p. 153 |
| The Existence of the Philosophy of Nature | p. 155 |
| The Rationality of the World | p. 158 |
| The Debate About Substance | p. 162 |
| Other Problems of the Philosophy of Nature | p. 164 |
| Biographical Notes | p. 165 |
| Appendix: Various Conceptions of the Philosophy of Nature | p. 166 |
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