| Introduction | p. 8 |
| Fundamentals | p. 9 |
| Diminution | p. 9 |
| Foreshortening | p. 10 |
| Convergence | p. 11 |
| Overlapping ... Shades and Shadows | p. 12 |
| Color and Value Perspective ... Detail and Pattern Perspective ... Focus Effect | p. 13 |
| Professional Applications of Fundamentals | p. 14 |
| Reality and Appearance | p. 15 |
| In Perspective Drawing You Draw What You See, Not Your Idea or Mental Image of the Subject | p. 15 |
| Reality and Appearance--Example: United Nations Buildings from Different Viewpoints | p. 16 |
| Reality and Appearance--Example: Park Bench from Different Viewpoints | p. 17 |
| How We See for Perspective Drawing | p. 18 |
| Cone of Vision ... Central Visual Ray ... Picture Plane | p. 18 |
| Basis of Perspective--Lines of Sight Through a Picture Plane | p. 19 |
| Why Appearance Differs from Reality--Theory | p. 20 |
| "Lines of Sight Through Picture Plane" Applied to Diminution | p. 20 |
| "Lines of Sight Through Picture Plane" Applied to Diminution and Convergence | p. 21 |
| "Lines of Sight Through Picture Plane" Applied to Foreshortening and Overlapping | p. 22 |
| Principal Aids: Vanishing Points and Eye Level (Horizon Line) | p. 23 |
| Vanishing Points--All Lines which in Reality are Parallel will Converge toward a Single Vanishing Point | p. 23 |
| Vanishing Points (cont.)--When There are Many Sets of Parallel Lines going in Different Directions, Each will Converge toward its own Vanishing Point | p. 24 |
| Professional Examples | p. 25 |
| Eye Level (Horizon Line)--All Horizontal Lines Converge to a Single Horizontal Vanishing Line | p. 26 |
| What Locates the Vanishing Line for All Horizontal Lines? | p. 27 |
| Why the Observer's Eye Level Dictates the Horizontal Vanishing Line--Theory | p. 28 |
| What Locates the Vanishing Point of a Particular Set of Parallel Lines? | p. 29 |
| Why the "Parallel Pointing" Method of Locating Vanishing Points is Important | p. 30 |
| Nature's Horizon Always Appears at Observer's Eye Level. Therefore, it Can be Used as the Vanishing Line for Horizontal Lines | p. 31 |
| Why Nature's Horizon Appears at Observer's Eye Level--Theory | p. 32 |
| What Happens to Eye Level (Horizon Line) When You Look Straight Out, Down or Up? | p. 33 |
| Professional Examples | p. 34 |
| What Happens to Eye Level (Horizon Line) When You Look Straight Out, Down or Up (cont.)? | p. 35 |
| Reasons for Choosing a Particular Eye Level (Horizon Line) | p. 36 |
| Drawing the Cube--Prerequisite to Understanding Perspective | p. 37 |
| Introduction | p. 37 |
| Looking Straight Out at the Cube | p. 38 |
| Professional Examples | p. 39 |
| Looking Down at the Cube | p. 40 |
| Professional Examples | p. 41 |
| Looking Up at the Cube | p. 42 |
| Professional Examples | p. 43 |
| Cube Studies Applied to Drawings of United Nations Buildings | p. 44 |
| Cube Studies Applied to Drawings of United Nations Buildings (cont.) | p. 45 |
| Many Cubes Oriented in the Same Direction Results in Only Two Sets of Converging Lines | p. 46 |
| Cubes Oriented in Many Directions Results in Many Sets of Converging Lines | p. 47 |
| Why a Thorough Knowledge of Simple Shapes is Important | p. 48 |
| Applications of the Basic Cube and Brick Shapes | p. 49 |
| "One-Point" and "Two-Point" Perspective--When and Why? | p. 50 |
| Introduction | p. 50 |
| Professional Examples | p. 51 |
| Distorted and Correct One-Point Perspective | p. 52 |
| More on Looking Up, Down, and Straight Ahead | p. 53 |
| Introduction | p. 53 |
| Things Seen by Looking Straight Out and Things Seen by Looking Up | p. 54 |
| Things Seen by Looking Down | p. 55 |
| Review: Looking Up, Straight Out, Down | p. 56 |
| Looking Straight Out | p. 57 |
| Perspective Distortion | p. 58 |
| Related to Vanishing Points and to Cone of Vision | p. 58 |
| Observer-Cone of Vision-Vanishing Points Relationship (Horizontal Distortion) | p. 59 |
| Vanishing Points Too Far Apart | p. 60 |
| Determining Heights and Widths | p. 61 |
| Height Lines | p. 61 |
| Heights Related to Eye Level | |
| Heights When Observer is Standing | p. 62 |
| Heights When Observer is in Elevated Position | p. 63 |
| Heights When Observer is Sitting ... | |
| Heights When Observer is Lying Down | p. 64 |
| Heights Outdoors ... and Indoors | p. 65 |
| Professional Examples | p. 66 |
| Determining Widths in Perspective--Width Lines | p. 67 |
| Determining Depths | p. 68 |
| Finding Center Points by Diagonals | p. 68 |
| Equal Spacing by Diagonals | p. 69 |
| Subdividing a Surface by Diagonals ... Dividing a Surface into Equal Spaces by Using a Measuring Line and a Special Vanishing Point | p. 70 |
| Dividing a Surface into Unequal Spaces with a Measuring Line and Special Vanishing Point | p. 71 |
| Determining Depths and Widths of Room Interiors by the Measuring Line Method | p. 72 |
| Another Way of Getting Depths: The Sliding Ruler and Diagonals Method | p. 73 |
| Drawing Equal-Sized but Unequally-Spaced Elements--Vanishing Point of Diagonals Method | p. 74 |
| Diagonals as an Aid in Drawing Concentric and Symmetrical Patterns on Rectangles and Squares | p. 75 |
| Any Design or Pattern can be Reproduced in Perspective by Means of a Grid that Locates its Important Points | p. 76 |
| Inclined Planes | p. 77 |
| Introduction | p. 77 |
| Vertical Vanishing Line and Horizon Line are Based on Same Theory and Serve Similar Purposes | p. 78 |
| Uphill and Downhill (Inclined Planes) | p. 79 |
| Some Applications of Inclined Plane Perspective | p. 80 |
| Circles, Cylinders and Cones | p. 81 |
| Circles and Ellipses | p. 81 |
| Drawing the Ellipse | p. 82 |
| The Center of a Circle Drawn in Perspective Does Not Lie on the Corresponding Ellipse's Major Axis | p. 83 |
| Cylinders | p. 84 |
| Cones | p. 85 |
| Professional Applications | p. 86 |
| Shade and Shadow | p. 87 |
| Introduction | p. 87 |
| Parallel Light Rays (Sunlight) Parallel to Observer's Face | p. 88 |
| Application Sketches | p. 89 |
| Parallel Light Rays (Sunlight) Oblique to Observer's Face | p. 90 |
| Parallel Light Rays Oblique to Observer's Face (cont.) | p. 91 |
| Application Sketches | p. 92 |
| Professional Examples | p. 93 |
| Shade and Shadow Created by Local Point Sources of Light | p. 94 |
| Application Sketches | p. 95 |
| Professional Example | p. 96 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
