| Introduction | p. 3 |
| The Perfectionist Idea | |
| The Concept of Human Nature | p. 9 |
| Distinctiveness and Essence | p. 10 |
| Essence and Life | p. 14 |
| Nature: Objections | p. 18 |
| Accretions and Methods | p. 23 |
| Accretions | p. 23 |
| Perfectionist Naturalism | p. 28 |
| Defending Perfectionism | p. 31 |
| How Are Essences Known? | p. 33 |
| The Human Essence | p. 37 |
| The Aristotelian Theory: Physical Essence | p. 37 |
| The Aristotelian Theory: Rationality | p. 39 |
| The Aristotelian Theory: Objections | p. 44 |
| The Wrong Explanations? | p. 48 |
| Aristotelian Perfectionism | |
| The Basic Structure | p. 55 |
| Maximizing Consequentialism | p. 55 |
| Time- and Agent-Neutrality | p. 60 |
| The Asymmetry | p. 64 |
| Competition and Co-operation | p. 66 |
| Aggregation | p. 69 |
| Summing and Averaging | p. 70 |
| Maximax | p. 75 |
| Single-Peak Perfection | p. 79 |
| Conclusion | p. 82 |
| The Well-Rounded Life | p. 84 |
| Lexical and Constant Comparisons | p. 85 |
| Balancing | p. 88 |
| Dilettantism and Concentration | p. 91 |
| Many-Person Balancing? | p. 97 |
| Trying, Deserving, Succeeding | p. 99 |
| Number and Quality | p. 99 |
| Attempt | p. 103 |
| Deserving Attempt | p. 105 |
| Success and Deserved Success | p. 108 |
| The Best Units? | p. 112 |
| Unity and Complexity | p. 114 |
| Generality: Extent and Dominance | p. 114 |
| Generality: Elaborations | p. 116 |
| Top-to-Bottom Knowledge | p. 119 |
| The Unified Life | p. 121 |
| Complex, Difficult Activities | p. 123 |
| Politics, Co-operation, and Love | p. 129 |
| Political Action | p. 129 |
| Co-operation | p. 132 |
| Love and Friendship | p. 134 |
| Generality: Objections | p. 137 |
| Generality: The Tradition | p. 141 |
| Perfectionism and Politics | |
| Liberty | p. 147 |
| Autonomy as a Perfection | p. 148 |
| The Asymmetry Argument | p. 152 |
| Sexual Enforcement and Paternalism | p. 156 |
| Liberty versus Neutrality | p. 158 |
| Equality: Abilities and Marginal Utility | p. 161 |
| Deep Equality | p. 161 |
| Desert and Aggregation | p. 163 |
| Natural Abilities | p. 165 |
| Diminishing Marginal Utility | p. 169 |
| Equality: Co-operation and the Market | p. 176 |
| Arguments from Co-operation | p. 176 |
| Illustrations and Limitations | p. 180 |
| Property and Property-Freedom | p. 183 |
| Self-Reliance versus Dependence | p. 185 |
| Conclusion | p. 190 |
| Notes | p. 193 |
| Bibliography | p. 209 |
| Index | p. 215 |
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