| Contents | p. v |
| Preface | p. xi |
| Perchlorate: Challenges and Lessons | |
| How Perchlorate Became an Issue | p. 1 |
| Facing the Challenge of Emerging Contaminants | p. 7 |
| Perchlorate Environmental Science and Technology Development | p. 9 |
| Outreach | p. 11 |
| Lessons Learned | p. 11 |
| Conclusions | p. 13 |
| References | p. 14 |
| The Chemistry of Perchlorate in the Environment | |
| Introduction | p. 17 |
| Redox Properties of Chlorine Compounds | p. 18 |
| General Physical and Chemical Properties of Perchloric Acid and the Perchlorate Anion | p. 22 |
| Industrial Preparation of Perchlorate | p. 25 |
| Chemical Reduction of Perchlorate | p. 27 |
| Electrochemical Reduction of Perchlorate | p. 32 |
| Formation of Perchlorate in the Environment | p. 34 |
| Fate of Perchlorate in the Environment | p. 39 |
| Conclusions | p. 42 |
| References | p. 42 |
| Occurrence and Formation of Non-Anthropogenic Perchlorate | |
| Introduction | p. 49 |
| Occurrences | p. 50 |
| Potential Mechanism of Formation | p. 60 |
| Conclusions | p. 64 |
| References | p. 66 |
| Alternative Causes of Wide-Spread, Low Concentration Perchlorate Impacts to Groundwater | |
| Introduction | p. 71 |
| Chilean Nitrate Fertilizers | p. 72 |
| Fireworks | p. 76 |
| Safety Flares | p. 80 |
| Blasting Agents | p. 82 |
| Electrochemically-Produced Chlorine Products | p. 84 |
| Conclusions | p. 87 |
| References | p. 88 |
| Stable Isotopic Composition of Chlorine and Oxygen in Synthetic and Natural Perchlorate | |
| Introduction | p. 93 |
| Previous Isotopic Studies of Perchlorate | p. 95 |
| Materials and Methods | p. 97 |
| Results and Discussion | p. 101 |
| Summary and Conclusion | p. 106 |
| References | p. 107 |
| Recent Developments in Perchlorate Detection | |
| Introduction | p. 111 |
| Source of Perchlorate Contamination - Man-made or Natural | p. 113 |
| Gravimetry and Other Ion Pairing Methods | p. 115 |
| Electrochemical Methods | p. 117 |
| Separation Methods: IC and CE | p. 123 |
| Spectroscopic Methods | p. 135 |
| References | p. 148 |
| The Ecotoxicology of Perchlorate in the Environment | |
| Introduction | p. 153 |
| Ecological Exposure | p. 153 |
| Effects in Ecological Receptors | p. 156 |
| Conclusions | p. 163 |
| References | p. 164 |
| Perchlorate Toxicity and Risk Assessment | |
| Perchlorate Occurrence and Exposure | p. 169 |
| Perchlorate Health Effects | p. 170 |
| Perchlorate Risk Assessment | p. 177 |
| Summary and Implications | p. 191 |
| References | p. 191 |
| Using Biomonitoring to Assess Human Exposure to Perchlorate | |
| Introduction | p. 197 |
| Assessing Human Exposure to Perchlorate | p. 198 |
| Attributes of Effective Biomonitoring Methods | p. 200 |
| Biomonitoring Applications | p. 203 |
| Conclusions | p. 205 |
| References | p. 205 |
| Recent Advances in Ion Exchange for Perchlorate Treatment, Recovery and Destruction | |
| Introduction | p. 209 |
| Nature of Ion Exchange | p. 210 |
| Selective and Non-Selective Resins | p. 217 |
| Column Flow-Through Operations | p. 219 |
| Resin Regeneration and Reuse | p. 224 |
| Other Novel Regeneration Techniques | p. 232 |
| Perchlorate Destruction and Regenerant Recycling | p. 235 |
| Ion-Exchange Selection Issues and Cost Analysis | p. 239 |
| References | p. 249 |
| Field Demonstration using Highly Selective, Regenerable Ion Exchange and Perchlorate Destruction Technologies for Water Treatment | |
| Introduction | p. 253 |
| Case Study 1 | p. 254 |
| Case Study 2 - Edwards AFB Site | p. 264 |
| Field Performance Evaluation | p. 267 |
| Perchlorate Destruction and Regenerant Recycling | p. 274 |
| Conclusions | p. 276 |
| References | p. 277 |
| The Microbiology of Perchlorate Reduction and its Bioremediative Application | |
| Introduction | p. 279 |
| The microbiology of Perchlorate Reduction | p. 280 |
| General Characteristics of DPRB | p. 281 |
| Phylogeny of DPRB | p. 282 |
| Environmental Factors Controlling DPRB Activity | p. 284 |
| The Microbiology of Biofouling During Perchlorate Bioremediation | p. 286 |
| Conclusions | p. 290 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 290 |
| References | p. 291 |
| The Biochemistry and Genetics of Microbial Perchlorate Reduction | |
| Introduction | p. 297 |
| Chlorite Dismutase Gene | p. 298 |
| Hybridization Analysis with a cld Gene Probe | p. 301 |
| Perchlorate Reductase Operon | p. 303 |
| Perchlorate Reductase Protein Subunits | p. 304 |
| Gene Organization of cld and pcr Genes | p. 306 |
| Conclusion | p. 308 |
| References | p. 309 |
| Field Demonstration of In Situ Perchlorate Bioremediation in Groundwater | |
| Introduction | p. 311 |
| Site History and Characterization | p. 312 |
| Demonstration System Design | p. 324 |
| Demonstration Results and Discussion | p. 328 |
| Demonstration Summary and Conclusions | p. 338 |
| Credits | p. 340 |
| References | p. 340 |
| Perchlorate Removal by Modified Activated Carbon | |
| Introduction | p. 343 |
| Materials and Methods | p. 344 |
| Perchlorate Adsorption by Virgin GAC | p. 347 |
| Iron Pre-loaded and Ammonia Tailored GAC | p. 352 |
| Cationic Polymer Pre-loaded GAC | p. 352 |
| Cationic Surfactant Pre-loaded GAC | p. 354 |
| Desorption of Surfactants from GAC | p. 360 |
| Coadsorption of Organics | p. 363 |
| Thermal Reactivation of Exhausted Tailored GAC | p. 366 |
| Conclusions | p. 368 |
| References | p. 370 |
| Titanium Catalyzed Perchlorate Reduction and Applications | |
| Introduction | p. 373 |
| Perchlorate Reduction Kinetics by Ti(III) | p. 374 |
| Electrochemical Reduction of Perchlorate and Resin Regeneration | p. 378 |
| Studies with [superscript 36]Cl Radio-Labeled Perchlorate | p. 383 |
| Summary and Implications | p. 386 |
| References | p. 386 |
| Membrane and Other Treatment Technologies - Pros and Cons | |
| Introduction | p. 389 |
| Reverse Osmosis | p. 390 |
| Nanofiltration and Ultrafiltration | p. 392 |
| Electrodialysis | p. 394 |
| Comparisons of Treatment Technologies | p. 397 |
| References | p. 403 |
| Index | p. 405 |
| List of Contributors | p. 409 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
