Perception and Perceptual Development

I Intersensory Perception and Sensory Integration in Children.- 1 The Ontogeny of Intermodal Relations: Vision and Touch in Infancy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Neonate.- 3. Equivalence of Location.- 4. Equivalence of Perceptual Features.- 5. Equivalence of "Actions".- 6. Differentiation.- 7. Summary.- 8. References.- 2 The Origins of Auditory-Visual Perception and Visual Proprioception in Human Development.- 1. Introduction: The Genetic Method.- 2. Some Theoretical and Evolutionary Considerations.- 3. The Origins of Auditory-Visual Perception.- 3.1. Piaget's Theory.- 3.2. Oculomotor Responses to Sound in the Neonate.- 3.3. The Primitive-Unity Hypothesis.- 3.4. Detection of Intermodal Equivalence.- 4. Summary and Conclusions: Auditory-Visual Coordination.- 5. Visual Proprioception.- 5.1. Theories of Visual-Motor Coordination.- 5.2. Reaching for Virtual Objects.- 5.3. Neonatal Responses to Looming.- 5.4. Visual Proprioception and Posture.- 6. General Conclusions.- 7. References.- 3 Integrating the Information from Eyes and Hands: A Developmental Account.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Undifferentiated Perception and the Unity of the Senses.- 3. Studies for Intersensory Coordination during Infancy.- 3.1. Looming.- 3.2. Haptic-Visual Transfer and Matching of Shape by Infants.- 3.3. Evidence from Early Imitation.- 4. Postinfancy Developmental Research.- 4.1. Processing Shape versus Length.- 5. Perceptual Activity and Exploration.- 5.1. Perceptual Activity When Perceiving Object Shape.- 5.2. Perceptual Activity When Perceiving Length.- 5.3. Perceptual Activity When Perceiving Complex Visual Displays.- 5.4. Summary.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 4 The Developmental Significance of Cross-Modal Matching.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Birch and Lefford's Account of Cross-Modal Development..- 3. Visual-Tactual Cross-Modal Matching.- 3.1. Methodological Considerations.- 3.2. A Theory of Visual-Tactual Matching.- 3.3. Visual-Tactual Matching of Form.- 3.4. Cross-Modal Matching of Texture.- 4. Visual and Nonvisual Judgments of Length.- 5. Visual-Auditory Matching.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- II Higher-Order Integration.- References.- 5 Some Aspects of Sensory-Motor Control and Adaptation in Man.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Adaptation to Sensory Rearrangement.- 3. Some Limitations on the Nature of Possible Compensatory Changes in Sensory-Motor Control.- 4. Conditions for Adaptation to Sensory Rearrangement.- 5. Factors Influencing the Form of Adaptation.- 5.1. Incremental Exposure to Sensory Rearrangement.- 5.2. Influence of Exposure Condition on Adaptation.- 5.3. Adaptational Specificity.- 5.4. Intersensory Factors and Adaptation: Constancies of Auditory and Visual Direction.- 5.5. Adaptation to Coriolis and Cross-Coupled Angular Accelerations.- 6. Intersensory Interactions.- 6.1. Z-Axis Recumbent Rotation: Importance of Touch and Pressure Cues.- 6.2. Skeletal Muscle Vibration: Illusory Postural and Visual Motion.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. References.- 6 Visual-Proprioceptive Interactions.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Scope of Chapter.- 1.2. Contents of Chapter.- 2. Classical Views of Proprioception.- 2.1. Proprioceptive and Exteroceptive Fields.- 2.2. Anatomical and Physiological Considerations.- 2.3. Cooperative Functioning of Proprioceptive and Visual Receptors.- 3. Modern Views of Proprioception.- 3.1. Historical Perspective.- 3.2. Contemporary Views.- 4. Mechanisms Subserving Visual Direction and Orientation.- 4.1. Background.- 4.2. Inflow Mechanisms.- 4.3. Outflow Mechanisms.- 4.4. Possible Hybrid Mechanisms.- 5. Experimental Modification of Visual-Proprioceptive Relationships.- 5.1. Methodological Considerations.- 5.2. Visual and Proprioceptive Illusions in Altered Gravitational-Inertial Fields.- 6. References.- 7 Multisensory Aspects of Rhythm.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Rhythm in Antiquity.- 1.2. Main Characteristics of Rhythms.- 2. Rhythms in the Different Sensory Modalities.- 2.1. Rhythm as Perception of the Succession.- 2.2. Rhythmic Groupings.- 2.3. The Spontaneous Tempo.- 2.4. The Ontogenesis of Rhythms.- 3. Auditory and Visual Rhythms.- 3.1. The Differences.- 3.2. Resemblances.- 4. The Sensory-Motor Aspect of Rhythms.- 4.1. Auditory-Motor Relations.- 4.2. Visuomotor Relations.- 4.3. Sensory Cues in Synchronization.- 4.4. The Role of the Nervous Centers.- 4.5. Rhythm and Affectivity.- 5. Rhythmic Cues in Poetry and Music.- 5.1. Music.- 5.2. Poetry.- 5.3. The Human Voice.- 5.4. The Principal Psychological Characteristics.- 6. Rhythms in Space.- 6.1. The Structures.- 6.2. Simultaneity and Succession.- 7. References.- 8 Gait Perception as an Example of How We May Perceive Events.- 1. Time, Movement, and Their Place in Event Structure.- 2. Gait Perception without Familiarity Cues.- 2.1. A Search for a Biomechanical Invariant.- 2.2. An Invariant Found: A Center of Moment.- 2.3. Gait Synthesis.- 3. Perceiving Centers of Moment in Other Events.- 3.1. Perceiving Centers of Moment in Wheel-Generated Motions.- 3.2. Perceiving Centers of Moment in Aging Faces.- 3.3. Perceiving Centers of Moment in Flowfields.- 3.4. Perceiving Centers of Moment in the Night Sky.- 4. Toward a Grammar for Perceptual Events.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- III * Sensory Integration in Special Populations.- References.- 9 Cross-Modal and Intersensory Perception and the Blind.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Implications of Crossmodal Models for Blind Performance.- 1.2. Some Methodological Considerations in Assessing Blind Performance.- 2. Shape Recognition.- 2.1. Three-Dimensional Shapes in Touch and Vision.- 2.2. Touch and Naming.- 2.3. Names, Shapes, and Physical Features in Tactual Recognition.- 2.4. Tactual Coding and Information from Other Sources..- 2.5. Shapes, Names, and Familiarity: An Explanation.- 3. Spatial Judgments.- 3.1. Movement and Vision in Length Judgments.- 3.2. Spatial Location and Direction.- 3.3. Sound, Vision, and Movement in Large-Scale Space..- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- 10 Coding Strategies of Normal and Handicapped Children.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Modality-Specific Memory Systems and Sensory Integration.- 3. Temporal and Spatial Coordinates.- 4. Modality-Specific Processing.- 5. Representational Coding.- 6. Phonological Coding.- 7. Interpretation.- 8. References.- 11 Sensory-Motor and Perceptual-Motor Theories and Practices: An Overview and Evaluation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theoretical Issues and Child Development.- 3. Sensory- and Perceptual-Motor Programs and Changes in Movement Capacities.- 4. Perceptual-Motor Programs and Visual and Visual- Perceptual Changes.- 5. Sensory Integration and Neurological Organization.- 6. Summary.- 7. References.- 12 Individual Differences in the Interaction of Vision and Proprioception.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Developmental Changes in Modality Preference.- 3. Research with the Blind.- 3.1. Form Perception.- 3.2. Spatial Perception.- 4. Prism Adaptation and Visual Capture.- 4.1. Visual Capture.- 5. Rod-and-Frame Experiments.- 5.1. Visual Skills.- 5.2. Body Skills.- 5.3. Individual Differences and Sports.- 6. Artists and Athletes.- 7. Conclusion.- 8. References.- Author Index.