Pedagogically Founded Courseware Generation for Web-Based Learning : An Htn-Planning-Based Approach Implemented in Paigos - Carsten Ullrich

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Pedagogically Founded Courseware Generation for Web-Based Learning

An Htn-Planning-Based Approach Implemented in Paigos

By: Carsten Ullrich

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Paperback | 29 September 2008

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276 Pages

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23.5 x 15.24 x 1.91

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Automatic course generation is a very important area of research with numerous practical applications in e-learning. It has been studied since the 1980s within the fields of intelligent tutoring, AI and education, adaptive hypermedia and web-based educational systems. Many approaches have been proposed, but hardly any have resulted in generic and practically applied systems. A number of problems have remained unresolved. These problems are addressed by this work.

This book focuses on course generation based on Hierarchical Task Network planning (HTN planning). This course generation framework enables the formalization and application of complex and realistic pedagogical knowledge. The volume describes basic techniques for course generation, which are used to formalize seven different types of courses (for instance, introducing the learner to previously unknown concepts and supporting the learner during rehearsal) and several elementary learning goals (e.g., selecting an appropriate example or exercise). This framework has been implemented and evaluated with good results in several domains, with users from different countries and universities, in the context of an EU project.

Course generation based on HTN planning is implemented in PAIGOS and has been evaluated by technical, formative and summative evaluations.

Industry Reviews

From the reviews:

"Ullrich describes the PAIGOS tutoring system and its evaluation. He refers to it as a course generation system because it generates a 'personal book' for the learner, based on the learner's profile. PAIGOS is built on many recent innovations, including educational resources reachable through the WWW, the ActiveMath environment ... . The methodology of PAIGOS ... is flexible enough for instructional materials to be built according to any teaching approach. ... PAIGOS is also evaluated ... to generate courses for subjects other than mathematics." (D. L. Chester, ACM Computing Reviews, February, 2009)

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Preliminaries
Introduction	p. 3
Motivation	p. 4
Contributions	p. 5
Service-Oriented Course Generation	p. 6
Modeling of Pedagogical Knowledge	p. 6
Adaptivity in Generated Courses	p. 7
Evaluation	p. 7
Overview	p. 8
Relevant Technologies	p. 11
Basic Terminology	p. 11
Semantic Web Technologies	p. 14
Extensible Markup Language	p. 15
Resource Description Framework	p. 15
OWL Web Ontology Language	p. 16
E-learning Standards	p. 17
Learning Object Metadata	p. 19
IMS Content Packaging	p. 20
IMS Simple Sequencing	p. 21
IMS Learning Design	p. 21
Mathematics in the Web	p. 22
OMDoc (Open Mathematical Documents)	p. 22
The Learning Environment ActiveMath	p. 22
Course Generation	p. 23
Hierarchical Task Network Planning	p. 26
Introduction to AI-Planning	p. 27
Introduction to Hierarchical Task Network Planning	p. 28
SHOP2 and JSHOP2	p. 29
JSHOP2 Formalism	p. 29
Descriptive and Prescriptive Learning Theories	p. 37
Behaviorism	p. 37
Cognitivism	p. 38
Constructivism	p. 38
Instructional Design	p. 39
Competency-Based Learning	p. 40
Mathematical Competencies	p. 40
Competency Levels	p. 42
PAIGOS
General Principles	p. 45
An Ontology of Instructional Objects	p. 46
Motivation	p. 47
Description of the Ontology	p. 49
Why an Ontology?	p. 53
Applications of the Ontology	p. 54
A Mediator for Accessing Learning Object Repositories	p. 55
Related Work	p. 55
Overview of the Mediator Architecture	p. 57
Querying the Mediator	p. 57
Ontology Mapping and Query Rewriting	p. 58
Repository Interface and Caching	p. 59
Limitations of the Mediator as an Educational Service	p. 60
Pedagogical Tasks, Methods and Strategies	p. 61
Representing Course Generation Knowledge in an HTN Planner	p. 65
Motivation	p. 65
Mapping Pedagogical Tasks onto HTN Tasks	p. 66
Course Generation Planning Problems	p. 67
Critical and Optional Tasks	p. 68
Basic General Purpose Axioms and Operators	p. 69
Testing for Equality	p. 69
List Manipulation	p. 69
Binding a Variable to All Terms of a Term List	p. 71
Manipulating the World State	p. 71
Basic Operators and Methods of the Course Generation Domain	p. 72
Inserting References to Educational Resources	p. 72
Starting and Ending Sections	p. 76
Inserting References to Learning-Support Services	p. 78
An Operator for Dynamic Text Generation	p. 79
Dynamic Subtask Expansion	p. 80
Accessing Information about Educational Resources	p. 80
Axioms for Accessing the Learner Model	p. 82
Processing Resources Depending on Learner Characteristics	p. 86
Initializing and Manipulating Information about the Learning Goal	p. 88
Converting a Plan into a Course	p. 92
Generating Structure and Adaptivity: Dynamic Tasks	p. 99
Generation of Narrative Bridges and Structure	p. 100
Empirical Findings	p. 101
Operator and Methods for Text Generation	p. 103
Symbolic Representations of Dynamic Text Items	p. 105
Generation of Structure Information	p. 106
Summary	p. 108
Course Generation in Practice: Formalized Scenarios	p. 111
Moderate Constructivist Competency-Based Scenarios	p. 111
Course Generation and Constructivism - a Contradiction?	p. 112
Selecting Exercises	p. 114
Selecting Examples	p. 121
Scenario "Discover"	p. 127
Scenario "Rehearse"	p. 142
Scenario "Connect"	p. 145
Scenario "Train Intensively"	p. 150
Scenario "Train Competencies"	p. 153
Scenario "Exam Simulation"	p. 155
Course Generation Based on Instructional Design Principles	p. 161
Merrill's "First Principles of Instruction"	p. 161
Scenario "Guided Tour"	p. 162
Implementation and Integration	p. 169
Implementation	p. 169
Integration of PAIGOS in ActiveMath	p. 171
Course Generation in ActiveMath	p. 171
Dynamically Generated Elements in a Table of Contents	p. 174
Usage of Learning-Support Services in ActiveMath	p. 176
Template-Based Generation of Narrative Bridges	p. 182
PAIGOS as a Service in ActiveMath	p. 185
Course Generation as a Web-Service	p. 189
Interfaces	p. 190
Evaluation	p. 193
Technical Evaluations and Use Cases	p. 193
Evaluation of the Ontology	p. 193
Mediator Use Cases and Evaluations	p. 195
Course Generation Use Cases and Evaluations	p. 195
Performance of PAIGOS	p. 196
Discussion	p. 201
Formative and Summative Evaluation	p. 201
Formative Evaluations	p. 202
Summative Evaluation	p. 205
Discussion	p. 213
Conclusions
Related Work	p. 221
Early Work	p. 221
Generic Tutoring Environment	p. 222
Dynamic Courseware Generator	p. 223
ACE/WINDS	p. 224
Former Course Generator of ActiveMath	p. 225
APeLS/iClass	p. 226
SeLeNe	p. 227
Statistical Methods for Course Generation	p. 228
Approaches Using Hierarchical Task Network Planning	p. 229
Ontologies for Instructional Design	p. 230
Future Work and Acknowledgments	p. 231
Future Work	p. 231
Complete List of User Comments	p. 233
References	p. 241
Index	p. 255
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Pedagogically Founded Courseware Generation for Web-Based Learning

An Htn-Planning-Based Approach Implemented in Paigos

At a Glance

Paperback

Industry Reviews

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Defective items

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