
Practical RF Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems
Passive Circuits and Systems Vol I
By:Â Les Besser, Rowan Gilmour
Hardcover | 31 October 2003
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539 Pages
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| Preface | p. xv |
| Acknowledgments | p. xix |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Defining RF | p. 1 |
| Circuits and systems | p. 3 |
| System specification | p. 3 |
| System design | p. 4 |
| Circuit design | p. 4 |
| Wireless | p. 5 |
| Conclusion | p. 6 |
| Reference | p. 7 |
| RF circuit fundamentals | p. 9 |
| Introduction | p. 9 |
| The decibel scale | p. 9 |
| Illustrative example: decibel calculations | p. 12 |
| Absolute power level reference | p. 13 |
| Illustrative exercise: power conversions | p. 14 |
| Complex number review | p. 15 |
| Normalization | p. 17 |
| R-L-C voltage-current relationships | p. 18 |
| Complex impedance and admittance systems | p. 20 |
| Unloaded and loaded Q definitions | p. 22 |
| Complex series impedance of RF components | p. 23 |
| Complex parallel admittance of RF components | p. 24 |
| Illustrative exercise: computing elements from admittance specifications | p. 27 |
| Series and parallel L-C resonant circuits | p. 27 |
| Series and parallel conversions of lumped R-L-C networks | p. 30 |
| Illustrative example: converting a series parallel equivalence | p. 32 |
| One-port and multiport networks | p. 33 |
| Importance of power transfer when cascading system components | p. 35 |
| Importance of impedance matching | p. 36 |
| RF components and related issues | p. 37 |
| Parasitic inductances and capacitances | p. 38 |
| Limited range of practical element values | p. 38 |
| Measurement and test-fixture considerations | p. 39 |
| Grounding and coupling effects | p. 39 |
| Lumped elements versus transmission lines | p. 40 |
| Illustrative example: fractional wavelength calculations | p. 42 |
| Two-conductor transmission lines | p. 43 |
| Transmission line characterizations | p. 46 |
| Various TEM transmission line configurations | p. 48 |
| Reflected waves on transmission lines | p. 51 |
| Transmission line stubs | p. 54 |
| Illustrative example: open-circuited parallel stub computation | p. 57 |
| Directional couplers | p. 58 |
| Circuit parameters using wave relations | p. 59 |
| Reflection coefficient definitions | p. 59 |
| Return loss | p. 62 |
| Voltage standing wave ratio | p. 63 |
| Mismatch loss | p. 64 |
| Difference between mismatch loss and return loss | p. 65 |
| Impedance transformation and matching | p. 65 |
| Single-ended versus differential circuits | p. 66 |
| Single-ended RF circuits | p. 67 |
| Differential RF circuits | p. 68 |
| Electromagnetic compatibility and interference | p. 72 |
| Time domain versus frequency domain | p. 73 |
| Periodic waveform definitions | p. 73 |
| Jitter | p. 76 |
| Eye diagram | p. 77 |
| Summary | p. 78 |
| References | p. 79 |
| Selected bibliography | p. 80 |
| The radio as typical RF system | p. 81 |
| Receiver architecture | p. 81 |
| The simple detector receiver | p. 81 |
| The direct conversion (homodyne) receiver | p. 83 |
| The superheterodyne receiver--analog system | p. 85 |
| The superheterodyne receiver--digital system | p. 88 |
| Receiver characterization | p. 94 |
| The communications channel | p. 94 |
| Receiver noise | p. 95 |
| Receiver sensitivity | p. 98 |
| System nonlinearity | p. 100 |
| Receiver dynamic range | p. 109 |
| Receiver selectivity | p. 113 |
| Receiver frequency response | p. 125 |
| Analysis of a CDMA receiver handset | p. 125 |
| Receiver component specification | p. 130 |
| Receiver response | p. 135 |
| Problems | p. 144 |
| References | p. 146 |
| The Smith chart and S-parameters | p. 147 |
| Introduction | p. 147 |
| The Smith chart: a polar plot of reflection coefficient | p. 148 |
| Impedance manipulations on the Smith chart | p. 151 |
| Adding series inductors on the Smith chart | p. 151 |
| Adding series capacitors on the Smith chart | p. 152 |
| Adding series resistors on the Smith chart | p. 152 |
| The admittance Smith chart | p. 154 |
| Adding parallel capacitors on the admittance Smith chart | p. 156 |
| Adding parallel inductors on the admittance Smith chart | p. 158 |
| Adding parallel resistors on the admittance Smith chart | p. 159 |
| Circuit manipulations using series and parallel components | p. 159 |
| The immitance (Z-Y) Smith chart | p. 160 |
| Series R-L-C contours on the immitance Smith chart | p. 161 |
| Shunt R-L-C contours on the immitance Smith chart | p. 162 |
| Lowpass L-C transformers | p. 162 |
| Highpass L-C transformers | p. 163 |
| Bandpass transformer sections | p. 163 |
| Illustrative exercise: series-to-parallel circuit conversions | p. 164 |
| Illustrative exercise: impedance transformations | p. 165 |
| Constant Q curves on the Smith chart | p. 169 |
| Negative reactive elements | p. 169 |
| Illustrative example: removing the effect of parasitic inductance | p. 170 |
| Negative resistance and the extended Smith chart | p. 171 |
| Transmission line manipulations on the Smith chart | p. 172 |
| Cascade transmission lines | p. 172 |
| Parallel transmission line stubs | p. 175 |
| Important points to remember about transmission lines | p. 176 |
| Illustrative example: impedance transformation with transmission line and lumped elements | p. 177 |
| Illustrative example: computing transmission line lengths with the Smith chart | p. 178 |
| Illustrative example: troubleshooting a matching network with the Smith chart | p. 179 |
| Matrix descriptions of networks | p. 180 |
| The scattering (S) matrix | p. 183 |
| The network analyzer | p. 185 |
| S-parameter measurements | p. 188 |
| Measurement errors | p. 188 |
| One-port calibration | p. 190 |
| Two-port calibrations | p. 191 |
| Time-domain reflectometry | p. 192 |
| Two-port gain expressions in terms of S-parameters | p. 193 |
| Illustrative exercise: transducer gain versus insertion loss | p. 195 |
| Illustrative exercise: transistor gain calculations--1 | p. 196 |
| Illustrative exercise: transistor gain calculations--2 | p. 198 |
| Cascading two-ports with S-parameters | p. 200 |
| Illustrative exercise: performance of two cascaded filters | p. 201 |
| Mismatch error | p. 203 |
| The cascadable scattering transfer matrix | p. 204 |
| Multiport S-parameters | p. 205 |
| Generalized two-port S-parameters | p. 206 |
| Mixed-mode S-parameters | p. 209 |
| Standard S-parameter to mixed-mode S-parameter transformations | p. 213 |
| Illustrative example: characterization of a SAW filter | p. 215 |
| Summary | p. 217 |
| References | p. 218 |
| Selected bibliography | p. 218 |
| Impedance matching techniques | p. 221 |
| The impedance match | p. 222 |
| Transmission zero definitions | p. 225 |
| Illustrative exercise: determine the order of L-C networks | p. 228 |
| Impedance matching into complex termination | p. 232 |
| Illustrative example: matching a 50-[Omega] source to a complex load | p. 233 |
| Impedance matching with uneven resistive terminations | p. 236 |
| The Q matching technique with L-C sections | p. 239 |
| Illustrative example: impedance matching of two resistive terminations | p. 241 |
| Bandwidth of L-C matching sections | p. 244 |
| Impedance matching of complex terminations | p. 247 |
| Absorbing the parasitics of the terminations | p. 247 |
| Resonating excessive parasitic inductance or capacitance | p. 248 |
| Illustrative exercise: impedance matching complex terminations with the Smith chart | p. 251 |
| Multisection impedance matching to increase bandwidth | p. 254 |
| Illustrative exercise: two-section impedance match for wider bandwidth | p. 257 |
| Multisection impedance matching to decrease bandwidth | p. 260 |
| Illustrative exercise: two-section impedance match for narrow bandwidth | p. 262 |
| Impedance matching with transmission line components | p. 264 |
| Impedance matching with a single cascade transmission line | p. 264 |
| Illustrative exercise: impedance matching with a cascade transmission line | p. 266 |
| Impedance matching with transmission lines on the Smith chart | p. 267 |
| Illustrative exercise: impedance matching with a cascade transmission line | p. 269 |
| Parallel stub manipulations on the Smith chart | p. 271 |
| Impedance matching of balanced circuits | p. 272 |
| Illustrative exercise: impedance matching of differential amplifiers | p. 272 |
| Answers to illustrative exercise of Section 5.2.1 (circuit 4) | p. 273 |
| Summary | p. 275 |
| References | p. 276 |
| Selected bibliography | p. 276 |
| CAE/CAD of linear RF/MW circuits | p. 277 |
| Introduction | p. 277 |
| Historical review | p. 279 |
| Analysis versus synthesis and optimization | p. 281 |
| Circuit simulation techniques | p. 282 |
| DC and transient analysis | p. 282 |
| AC steady-state circuit analysis | p. 283 |
| Impedance mapping | p. 284 |
| Component tuning | p. 286 |
| Circuit optimization | p. 286 |
| Error function definitions | p. 289 |
| Illustrative exercise: weighting factor determinations | p. 290 |
| Component sensitivities | p. 293 |
| Constrained versus unconstrained optimization | p. 294 |
| Search techniques | p. 294 |
| Illustrative exercise: matching network optimization | p. 295 |
| Statistical design techniques | p. 298 |
| Yield-oriented design | p. 299 |
| Component tolerance distributions--probability density functions | p. 301 |
| Statistical sensitivities | p. 303 |
| Illustrative exercise: design centering of a 500-MHz lowpass filter | p. 307 |
| Circuit synthesis | p. 314 |
| Parasitic absorption | p. 316 |
| Ripple, slope, and minimum insertion loss specifications | p. 317 |
| Illustrative example: matching network synthesis | p. 318 |
| Electromagnetic field simulation | p. 321 |
| Categories by geometries | p. 322 |
| Illustrative example: layout and cosimulation of a 6-GHz Wilkinson power divider | p. 324 |
| CAD program descriptions | p. 327 |
| Agilent Advanced Design System | p. 327 |
| Ansoft Designer | p. 329 |
| AWR Microwave Office | p. 331 |
| Eagleware Genesys | p. 333 |
| Summary | p. 334 |
| References | p. 334 |
| Passive component models | p. 337 |
| Introduction | p. 337 |
| Resistance, self-inductance, and stray capacitance of conductors | p. 339 |
| Resistance changes of conductors at RF | p. 339 |
| RF considerations of resistor types | p. 341 |
| Inductance of a straight wire (far from ground and shielding) | p. 342 |
| Parallel-plate and edge-coupled capacitance | p. 344 |
| Frequency response of physical resistors | p. 346 |
| Fitting a model to measured resistor data | p. 348 |
| Modeling physical inductors | p. 350 |
| Inductor self-capacitance and loss resistances | p. 353 |
| Planar printed inductors | p. 353 |
| Effective inductance calculations | p. 354 |
| Q-factor calculation | p. 355 |
| Multilayer inductors | p. 357 |
| Inductors with magnetic core | p. 360 |
| Ferrite beads | p. 362 |
| Physical capacitor models | p. 364 |
| Interdigital capacitors | p. 367 |
| Illustrative example of effective capacitance calculations | p. 367 |
| Secondary resonances in multifinger capacitors | p. 370 |
| Via hole models | p. 372 |
| Grounding-path inductance effects | p. 375 |
| Planar transmission lines for RF/MW applications | p. 377 |
| Comparison of planar transmission line forms | p. 378 |
| Coupled transmission lines | p. 381 |
| Transmission line discontinuities | p. 383 |
| Dielectric board materials | p. 387 |
| Transformers | p. 389 |
| Transformer equivalent circuit with conventional windings | p. 390 |
| Baluns | p. 392 |
| Crystal resonators and models | p. 395 |
| Crystal orientation | p. 396 |
| Doubly rotated cuts | p. 397 |
| Crystal resonator equivalent circuit | p. 397 |
| Applications | p. 403 |
| Surface acoustic wave resonators | p. 403 |
| Dielectric resonators | p. 405 |
| Component measurements and modeling | p. 408 |
| Summary | p. 410 |
| References | p. 411 |
| Filters and resonant circuits | p. 415 |
| Introduction | p. 415 |
| Filter specifications | p. 417 |
| Various filter types | p. 421 |
| Low-frequency versus RF/MW filters | p. 423 |
| Baseband filters | p. 423 |
| RF filters | p. 429 |
| Comparison of filter responses | p. 441 |
| Multiplexer filters | p. 442 |
| Filter design outline | p. 444 |
| Lowpass filter design using filter tables | p. 444 |
| Illustrative exercise: 400-MHz Chebyshev filter design with lumped components | p. 451 |
| Transmission line (distributed-element) filters | p. 457 |
| Illustrative example: converting a lumped filter to distributed type using Richard's transformation | p. 458 |
| Network transformations | p. 460 |
| Transformations to change the filter's response | p. 461 |
| Transformations to change termination ratio or element type | p. 462 |
| Transformations to change termination ratios and/or circuit topologies of transmission line networks | p. 468 |
| Transformations to change element values | p. 474 |
| L-C resonant circuits in filter design | p. 475 |
| Illustrative example: bandpass resonant circuit design | p. 476 |
| Illustrative exercise: synthesis and transformations of a capacitively coupled resonator filter | p. 482 |
| Other forms of resonators | p. 484 |
| Illustrative example: coupled transmission line filter synthesis using CAD | p. 485 |
| Dielectric resonators | p. 488 |
| Crystal resonators | p. 488 |
| Summary | p. 489 |
| References | p. 490 |
| Selected bibilography | p. 491 |
| Similarities and differences of RF and high-speed digital designs | p. 493 |
| Historical perspective of analog RF and digital designs | p. 493 |
| Time-domain and voltage-current parameters (transition times, delays, skew, and signal levels) | p. 496 |
| Crosstalk versus coupling | p. 500 |
| R-L-C models for digital applications | p. 503 |
| Resistors | p. 503 |
| Inductors | p. 505 |
| Capacitors | p. 507 |
| Parasitics of passive interconnects, loading, vias, and losses | p. 509 |
| Frequency-domain versus time-domain considerations | p. 513 |
| When frequency domain is essential: clock networks | p. 513 |
| When frequency domain is useful: power distribution | p. 514 |
| Measurement and simulation considerations | p. 516 |
| References | p. 520 |
| Selected bibliography | p. 521 |
| Appendix | p. 523 |
| Summary of Basic Formulas - 1 | p. 523 |
| Summary of Basic Formulas - 2 | p. 525 |
| About the Authors | p. 527 |
| Index | p. 529 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9781580535212
ISBN-10: 1580535216
Series: Artech House Microwave Library : Book 1
Published: 31st October 2003
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number of Pages: 539
Audience: General Adult
Publisher: ARTECH HOUSE INC
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 26.67 x 18.42 x 3.81
Weight (kg): 1.36
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