Pascal-Xsc : Language Reference with Examples

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Typography.- 1.2 Historical Remarks and Motivation.- 1.3 Advanced Computer Arithmetic.- 1.4 Connection with Programming Languages.- 1.5 Survey of PASCAL-XSC.- 1.5.1 Universal Operator Concept and Arbitrary Result Type.- 1.5.2 Overloading of Procedures, Functions, and Operators.- 1.5.3 Module Concept.- 1.5.4 Dynamic Arrays and Subarrays.- 1.5.5 String Concept.- 1.5.6 Arithmetic and Rounding.- 1.5.7 Accurate Expressions.- 2 Language Reference.- 2.1 Basic Symbols.- 2.2 Identifiers.- 2.3 Constants, Types, and Variables.- 2.3.1 Simple Types.- 2.3.2 Structured Types.- 2.3.2.1 Arrays.- 2.3.2.2 Subarrays.- 2.3.2.3 Access to Index Bounds.- 2.3.2.4 Dynamic Arrays.- 2.3.2.5 Strings.- 2.3.2.6 Dynamic Strings.- 2.3.2.7 Records.- 2.3.2.8 Records with Variants.- 2.3.2.9 Sets.- 2.3.2.10 Files.- 2.3.2.11 Text Files.- 2.3.3 Structured Arithmetic Standard Types.- 2.3.3.1 The Type complex.- 2.3.3.2 The Type interval.- 2.3.3.3 The Type cinterval.- 2.3.3.4 Vector Types and Matrix Types.- 2.3.4 Pointers.- 2.3.5 Compatibility of Types.- 2.3.5.1 Compatibility of Array Types.- 2.3.5.2 Compatibility of Strings.- 2.4 Expressions.- 2.4.1 Standard Expressions.- 2.4.1.1 Integer Expressions.- 2.4.1.2 Real Expressions.- 2.4.1.3 Boolean Expressions.- 2.4.1.4 Character Expressions.- 2.4.1.5 Enumeration Expressions.- 2.4.2 Accurate Expressions (#-Expressions).- 2.4.3 Expressions for Structured Types and Pointer Expressions.- 2.4.3.1 Array Expressions.- 2.4.3.2 String Expressions.- 2.4.3.3 Record Expressions.- 2.4.3.4 Set Expressions.- 2.4.3.5 Pointer Expressions.- 2.4.4 Extended Accurate Expressions (#-Expressions).- 2.4.4.1 #-Expressions for the Arithmetic Types.- 2.4.4.2 #-Expressions for Vectors.- 2.4.4.3 #-Expressions for Matrices.- 2.4.4.4 List of the Operands in #-Expressions.- 2.4.4.5 Review of General #-Expressions.- 2.5 Statements.- 2.5.1 Assignment Statement.- 2.5.2 Input/Output Statements.- 2.5.3 Empty Statement.- 2.5.4 Procedure Statement.- 2.5.5 goto-Statement.- 2.5.6 Compound Statement.- 2.5.7 Conditional Statements.- 2.5.7.1 if-Statement.- 2.5.7.2 case-Statement.- 2.5.8 Repetitive Statements.- 2.5.8.1 while-Statement.- 2.5.8.2 repeat-Statement.- 2.5.8.3 for-Statement.- 2.5.9 with-Statement.- 2.6 Program Structure.- 2.7 Subroutines.- 2.7.1 Procedures.- 2.7.2 List of Predefined Procedures and Input/Output Statements.- 2.7.3 Functions.- 2.7.4 Functions with Arbitrary Result Type.- 2.7.5 List of Predefined Functions.- 2.7.6 Operators.- 2.7.7 Table of Predefined Operators.- 2.7.8 forward- and external-Declaration.- 2.7.9 Modified Call by Reference for Structured Types.- 2.7.10 Overloading of Procedures, Functions, and Operators.- 2.7.11 Overloading of read and write.- 2.7.12 Overloading of the Assignment Operator :=.- 2.8 Modules.- 2.9 String Handling and Text Processing.- 2.9.1 Input of Characters and Strings.- 2.10 How to Use Dynamic Arrays.- 3 The Arithmetic Modules.- 3.1 The Module C_ARI.- 3.2 The Module I_ARI.- 3.3 The Module CI_ARI.- 3.4 The Module MV_ARI.- 3.5 The Module MVC_ARI.- 3.6 The Module MVI_ARI.- 3.7 The Module MVCI_ARI.- 3.8 The Hierarchy of the Arithmetic Modules.- 3.9 A Complete Sample Program.- 4 Problem-Solving Routines.- 5 Exercises with Solutions.- 5.1 Test of Representability.- 5.2 Summation of Exponential Series.- 5.3 Influence of Rounding Errors.- 5.4 Scalar Product.- 5.5 Boothroyd/Dekker Matrices.- 5.6 Complex Functions.- 5.7 Surface Area of a Parallelepiped.- 5.8 Parallelism and Intersection of Lines.- 5.9 Transposed Matrix, Symmetry.- 5.10 Rail Route Map.- 5.11 Inventory Lists.- 5.12 Complex Numbers and Polar Representation.- 5.13 Complex Division.- 5.14 Electric Circuit.- 5.15 Alternating Current Measuring Bridge.- 5.16 Optical Lens.- 5.17 Interval Evaluation of a Polynomial.- 5.18 Calculations for Interval Matrices.- 5.19 Differentiation Arithmetic.- 5.20 Newton's Method with Automatic Differentiation.- 5.21 Measurement of Time.- 5.22 Iterative Method.- 5.23 Trace of a Product Matrix.- 5.24 Calculator for Polynomials.- 5.25 Interval Newton Method.- 5.26 Runge-Kutta Method.- 5.27 Rational Arithmetic.- 5.28 Evaluation of Polynomials.- A Syntax Diagrams.- B Indices and Lists.- B.1 Syntax Diagrams.- B.2 Reserved Words.- B.3 Predefined Identifiers.- B.4 Operators.- B.4.1 Basic Operators.- B.4.2 Arithmetic Operators.- B.4.3 Relational Operators for the Arithmetic Types.- B.4.4 Assignment Operators.- B.5 Predefined Functions.- B.6 Transfer Functions.- B.7 Predefined Procedures.- B.8 #-Expressions.- B.8.1 Real and Complex #-Expressions.- B.8.2 Real and Complex Interval #-Expressions.