Particle Technology

1 Introduction.- 1.1 The definition of mechanical process technology.- 1.2 The purpose of mechanical process technology.- 1.3 Main topics and processes.- 2 The characteristics of systems and their changes of state.- 2.1 Disperse systems.- 2.2 Representing the characteristics of particle assemblies.- 2.2.1 Measures of dispersity: fineness parameters.- 2.2.2 Equivalent diameter.- 2.2.3 Particle shape.- 2.2.4 General representation of particle assemblies.- 2.2.5 The Gaussian or normal distribution.- 2.2.6 Particle distributions and distribution functions approximating to them.- 2.2.7 Similar distributions.- 2.3 The separation of disperse systems.- 2.3.1 Material balances.- 2.3.2 Grade efficiency and grade efficiency curve, cut size and sharpness of cut.- 2.4 Mixing of disperse syetems.- 2.4.1 The state of a mixture and the degree of mixing.- 2.4.2 The variance of the concentration distribution during the mixing process.- 2.4.3 Evaluation of mixing experiments.- 2.5 Packing of granular solids.- 2.5.1 The states of packing systems.- 2.5.2 The particle and void system.- 2.5.3 Packing structure.- 2.5.4 Liquid filling of voids.- 2.5.5 Capillary pressure and porosimetry.- 2.5.6 Forces transmitted in the packing.- 3 Fundamental physical processes and particle metrology.- 3.1 The motion of particles in a flowing medium.- 3.1.1 The forces on a single particle.- 3.1.2 The motion of a single particle.- 3.1.3 The dynamic interaction of particles in a fluid.- 3.2 Flow through packings.- 3.2.1 Dimensional analysis.- 3.2.2 Empirical perfusion laws.- 3.3 The mechanics of the fluidized bed.- 3.3.1 Phenomenology.- 3.3.2 Perfusion law.- 3.3.3 The stability of the fluidized bed.- 3.4 The continuum mechanics of packings: powder mechanics.- 3.4.1 Coefficient of pressure at rest.- 3.4.2 State of stress.- 3.4.3 Yield criteria for packings.- 3.4.4 The design of bunkers using Jenike's method.- 3.5 Deformation and fracture of solids.- 3.5.1 Fracture criteria.- 3.5.2 Deformation and fracture of particles under stress.- 3.5.3 Comminutive properties of materials.- 3.6 Adhesion.- 3.6.1 Liquid bridges.- 3.6.2 van der Waals forces (dispersion forces).- 3.6.3 Electrostatic forces.- 3.6.4 Solid bridges.- 3.6.5 Comparison of the first three adhesive mechanisms and the influence of the surface roughness.- 3.7 Particle metrology.- 3.7.1 Sampling and sample splitting.- 3.7.2 Dispersion.- 3.7.3 Counting methods.- 3.7.4 Sedimentation methods.- 3.7.5 Separation processes.- 3.7.6 Techniques for measuring surface area.- 3.7.7 Pore size measurement.- 4 Processes.- 4.1 Separation processes.- 4.1.1 Separations in streams of fluids.- 4.1.2 Sink-and-float sorting.- 4.1.3 Electrical and magnetic separation processes.- 4.1.4 Separation processes using wall friction.- 4.1.5 Sifting.- 4.1.6 Cake filtration.- 4.2 Mixing processes.- 4.2.1 Mixing of gases.- 4.2.2 Mixing of a gas into a liquid (aeration).- 4.2.3 Dispersing of a liquid into a gas (nebulization).- 4.2.4 Mixing of liquids.- 4.2.5 Dispersing of solids in gases.- 4.2.6 Dispersing of solids in liquids.- 4.2.7 Mixing of solids.- 4.3 Agglomerating and coagulating processes.- 4.3.1 Cumulative granulation.- 4.3.2 Agglomeration by compaction.- 4.3.3 Sintering.- 4.3.4 Coagulation.- 4.4 Comminution processes.- 4.4.1 Crushers.- 4.4.2 Roller mills.- 4.4.3 Mills with loose milling implements.- 4.4.4 Impact-grinding machines.- 4.4.5 Cutter mills.- 4.4.6 Wet milling.- 4.5 Conveying, storing and feeding of bulk solids.- 4.5.1 Conveying.- 4.5.2 Storing and feeding.- References.- Books.- Journal publications.