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Panini Grammar : Karaka Impeller of Action - Ashwini Kumar Aggarwal

Panini Grammar

Karaka Impeller of Action

By: Ashwini Kumar Aggarwal, Sadhvi Hemswaroopa

Paperback | 5 March 2026

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Any word in a sentence that has a direct bearing on the verb is termed as a¤a¤¾a¤°a¤a¤ kÄraka. Literally "karaka" means the one that impels action. This is directly associated with the various cases a¤µa¤a¤­a¤a¥a¤¤a¤a¤ that govern the sense of nouns in a sentence. A noun in a sentence can behave as the Subject, Object, Instrument, etc. This behavior of the Noun is termed as a¤a¤¾a¤°a¤a¤ in Sanskrit.

Since this behavior is closely associated with the case of the Noun, we say that a¤a¤¾a¤°a¤a¤ governs the case of a Noun. Thus there is the concept of a¤a¤¾a¤°a¤a¤ a¤µa¤a¤­a¤a¥a¤¤a¤a¤ = a¤a¤¾a¤°a¤a¤µa¤a¤­a¤a¥a¤¤a¤a¤ a¥¤

Example

Rama goes to temple from home by car on Sunday for worship.

a¤°a¤¾a¤®a¤ m1/1 a¤°a¤µa¤a¤µa¤¾a¤¸a¤°a¥ m7/1 a¤-a¥a¤¹a¤¾a¤¤a¥ n5/1 a¤ªa¥a¤°a¤¾a¤°a¥a¤¥a¤¨a¤¾a¤¯a¥ f4/1 a¤µa¤¾a¤¹a¤¨a¥a¤¨ n3/1 a¤®a¤¨a¥a¤¦a¤a¤°a¤ n2/1 a¤-a¤a¥a¤a¤¤a¤ verb iii/1 a¥¤

m = masculine, n= neuter. 1/1 = 1st case singular.

Notice that the 6th case is not a Karaka Vibhakti, since it does not connect to the Verb, rather it connects to a Noun in the sentence.

KÄraka = Noun that connects to a Verb.

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Includes exhaustive notes on

  • Genitive
  • Upapada
  • Vibhakti
  • Sati Saptami (Locative Absolute)
  • Anabhihite (Undenoted)

with Ashtadhyayi Sutras.

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