Pacifism

Introduction

PART 1
Chapter 1: Reconceptualizing War
1.1 Absolute War
1.2 The Interests of the People, the State, and the People Who Rule the State.
1.3 Absolute Violence
1.4 Between War and Peace
1.5 Cyber War and Robotics
1.6 Toward an Ontology of War
1.7 Paradoxes of War
1.8 War, Warfare, and Warmaking
1.9 Synoptic War

Chapter 2: The Presumption Against War
2.1 The Ends of Morality and Warfare
2.2 War and Killing
2.3 Act Types and Act Tokens
2.4 The Presumptive Wrongness of Deliberately Killing Persons
2.5 Is Wrongdoing Inescapable?
2.6 The Presumptive Wrongness of War

Chapter 3: Realism and War
3.1 Positive and Nonpositive Realism
3.2 Descriptive, Necessitarian, and Normative Realism
3.3 Can it be Immoral to Act Morally?
3.4 War and Morality
3.5 Value Language and Deontic Language
3.6 Synoptic War Neither Right Nor Wrong.
3.7 Warfare Always Subject to Moral Assessment
3.8 Micro and Macro Ethics
3.9 Collective Ethics a Category Mistake

PART 2
Chapter 4: Augustine on Ethics and War
4.1 Augustine and the Just War Tradition
4.2 Was Augustine a Personal Pacifist?
4.3 Augustineâs Subjectivism
4.4 Motives and Right Conduct
4.5 Personal Pacifism and Clean Hands
4.6 Augustineâs Authoritarianism
4.7 Killing Out of Obedience

Chapter 5: Anatomy of the Just War Theory
5.1 The Just War Tradition and Just War Theory
5.2 Moral War Theory
5.3 Just War Internalism and Externalism
5.4 What Does Jus Ad Bellum Entitle One to Do?
5.5 Intention, Double Effect, and Deliberate Wartime Killing.
5.6 Right Intention and the Resort to War.
5.7 Right Intention and Individual Combatants.
5.8 Just War Theoryâs Further Implications.
5.9 License to Kill

Chapter 6: Self-Defense and the Alleged Moral Equality of Soldiers
6.1. War and Self-Defense
6.2 A Walzerian Argument for the Moral Equality of Soldiers.
6.3 Personal Self-Defense.
6.4 Self-Defense as a Moral Concept.
6.5 Self-Defense and the Presumptive Wrongness of Killing.
6.6 Personal and Collective Self-Defense.
6.7 Defending a Common Life.
6.8 Self-defense and Liability.
6.9 Self-defense and Just Cause
6.10 Potential Soldiers and Their âEpistemic Dutiesâ

Chapter 7: Just Cause and the Killing of Innocents
7.1 Killing Innocents Inherent in Warfare
7.2 Killing and Letting Die
7.3 Intentional and Foreseeable Killing.
7.4 The Counterfactual Test
7.5 A Differential Restriction
7.6 Incidental Harm?
7.7 Hypothetical Cases
7.8 Does a Just Cause permit Killing Innocents?
7.9 The Nazi and the Just Warrior
7.10 The Infringement and Disrespectful Violation of Rights.
7.11 Do Good Motives Suffice?

Part 3
Chapter 8: The Vietnam War
8.1 Vietnam a Turning Point for America
8.2 The Indochina War
8.3 The Creation of South Vietnam
8.4 Beginning of the Vietnam War
8.5 External Aggression or Civil War?
8.6 The Nature of the War
8.7 My Lai Unexceptional
8.8 Does Vietnam Defeat the Presumption Against War?
8.9 âRevisionistâ History

Chapter 9: The Gulf and Iraq Wars in Light of Western Imperialism and Just War Theory
9.1 Continuity Between the Gulf War and the Iraq War
9.2 Western Imperialism in the Persian Gulf
9.3 A Monroe Doctrine for the Persian Gulf
9.4 The Gulf War and Just War Theory
9.5 Was the Gulf War a Last Resort?
9.6 Just War Theory Modified

Chapter 10: Kosovo
10.1 The Gulf War and the Kosovo Intervention
10.2 Historical Context
10.3 Civil Conflict
10.4 An Attempted Military Solution
10.5 Illegal NATO Intervention
10.6 The Killing of Civilians
10.7 The Moral Issue

PART 4
Chapter 11: The Metaethics of Pacifism
11.1 The Argument Continued
11.2 Actionable Wrongness
11.3 Pragmatic Pacifism
11.4 A Theoretical Objection to Pacifism
11.5 A Pacifist Rejoinder
11.6 A Second Pacifist Rejoinder
11.7 Consequentialist Considerations
11.8 Act Utilitarianism
11.9 Some Implications
11.10 Mediated and Unmediated Consequences

Chapter 12: Pacifism and Humanitarian Military Intervention
12.1 The Plight of Individuals Worldwide.
12.2 What is Humanitarian Intervention?
12.3 Why is Humanitarian Intervention Problematic?
12.4 Rights versus Sovereignty
12.5 The Responsibility to Protect
12.6 The Problem for Pacifism
12.7 Epistemic Problems with Humanitarian Military Intervention
12.8 Military Intervention
12.9 War, Just War Theory, and Humanitarian Intervention
12.10 âHumanitarianâ intervention in the Real World

Chapter 13: Terrorism, Violence, and Nonviolence
13.1 What Is Terrorism?
13.2 Stereotyping
13.3 Terrorism and the Killing of Innocents
13.4 Militarization of the Campaign Against Terrorism
13.5 The Violence of War and Terrorism

Chapter 14: Toward a Nonviolent World Order
14.1 Pragmatic Contextualism
14.2 Support of Troops
14.3 Troops and Their Mission
14.4 Patriotism
14.5 Existential Pacifism
14.6 Transforming Young People into Trained Killers
14.7 Logic and War
14.8 Consequences and Proportionality
14.9 Motives and Intentions Again
14.10 A Secular Garden of Eden
14.11 Bringing Good out of Evil

Conclusion
Bibliography
Index