Oversight

List of Figures and Tables ix Acknowledgments xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Voting as a Measure of Representation 5 Oversight as a Form of Political Representation 10 Strategic Group Uplift 12 Chapter Outline 14 Chapter 2: Race, Ethnicity, and a Theory of Substantive Representation in Congressional Oversight 16 Origins and Presence of Strategic Group Uplift in African Americans 18 Origins of Strategic Group Uplift for Latino Legislators 23 Hypotheses and Alternative Explanations 26 Conclusion 33 Chapter 3: Congress, Minority Interests, and Federal Policymaking 35 Congressional Intervention and African Americans 37 Mexican Americans and the Federal Government 45 Puerto Ricans and the Federal Government 46 Cuban Americans and Federal Government Intervention 47 Federal Interventions and Latino Interests 48 Federal Attention to Racial and Social Welfare Policies 50 Conclusion 52 Chapter 4: Black and Brown Voices in Committee Deliberations on Civil Rights 54 Measuring Advocacy of Minority Interests in Committees 56 Racial and Ethnic Diversity of Congressional Overseers and Legislative Responsiveness 60 Civil Rights Enforcement in the Clinton Years 63 Return to Republican Rule and the Fight for Minority Rights 66 Civil Rights Enforcement in the Post-9/11 Era 76 Beyond the Deliberations 80 Conclusion 82 Chapter 5: Congressional Oversight and Social Welfare Policy 84 Racial and Ethnic Diversity of Congressional Overseers 85 Congressional Attention to Social Welfare Issues and Legislative Responsiveness 88 Liberal Social Welfare Policy and the Clinton Years 90 Diversity of Perspectives and Challenging Negative Stereotypes in Social Welfare Debates 94 The Republicans' Contract with America and Retrenchment of Social Welfare Policies 97 Diversity of Perspectives in Deliberations 104 Social Welfare Policy in the Post-9/11 Era 106 Conclusion 111 Chapter 6: Conclusion 113 Implications for Racial, Ethnic, and Class-Based Politics 115 Implications for Coalition Politics 117 Implications for Political Representation 118 Legislative Responsiveness and Democratic Accountability 119 Legislators' Motivations and Strategic Group Uplift 120 Congressional and Bureaucratic Relations 121 Limitations of Strategic Group Uplift 122 Public Policy Implications 123 APPENDIX A Data and Methodology 127 APPENDIX B Coding Protocol for Congressional Hearings 132 APPENDIX C Racial/Ethnic Congressional Hearings Coded 134 APPENDIX D General Social Welfare Congressional Hearings Coded 136 APPENDIX E-G Likelihood of Intervention for Stronger Enforcement of Civil Rights Policies 139 APPENDIX H-J Likelihood of Intervention for General Social Welfare Policies 142 References 145 Index 155