| Water Soluble Poly(fluorene) Homopolymers and Copolymers for Chemical and Biological Sensors | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| General Structures and Properties | p. 2 |
| Design, Synthesis, and Structural Properties | p. 2 |
| Optical Properties | p. 6 |
| Signal Transduction Mechanisms in Sensors | p. 9 |
| Chemo- and Biosensor Applications | p. 15 |
| DNA Sensors | p. 15 |
| RNA Sensors | p. 23 |
| Protein Detection | p. 25 |
| Glucose Sensors | p. 28 |
| Detection of Other Small Molecules | p. 30 |
| Heterogeneous Platforms | p. 31 |
| Summary and Outlook | p. 32 |
| References | p. 34 |
| Polyelectrolyte-Based Fluorescent Sensors | p. 39 |
| General Introduction | p. 39 |
| Amplified Fluorescence Quenching | p. 39 |
| General Sensor Schemes: Bioassays Based on Quench/Unquench | p. 43 |
| Enzyme Activity Assays | p. 44 |
| Assay Formats and Types | p. 44 |
| Proteolytic Enzyme Assays Using Conjugated Polyelectrolytes | p. 45 |
| Phospholipase Assays Using Conjugated Polyelectrolytes | p. 46 |
| Assays Based on "Frustrated Super-Quenching" | p. 49 |
| Supramolecular Self-Assembly and Scaffold Disruption/Destruction Assays | p. 50 |
| Cyanines and Supra-Molecular Self-Assembly | p. 50 |
| Cyanine Chemistry | p. 51 |
| Glycosidases and Scaffold Disruption/Destruction Assay | p. 52 |
| Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Surface-Grafted Colloids | p. 54 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 57 |
| References | p. 58 |
| Structurally Integrated Photoluminescent Chemical and Biological Sensors: An Organic Light-Emitting Diode-Based Platform | p. 61 |
| Introduction | p. 61 |
| Photoluminescence-Based Sensors | p. 61 |
| Structurally Integrated OLED/Sensing Component Modules | p. 62 |
| Structural Integration of the OLED Array/Sensing Film | p. 63 |
| Single Analyte Monitoring | p. 64 |
| Gas-Phase and Dissolved Oxygen | p. 64 |
| Enhanced Photoluminescence of Oxygen-Sensing Films Through Doping with Titania Particles [70] | p. 69 |
| Glucose | p. 71 |
| Hydrazine (N[subscript 2]H[subscript 4]) | p. 77 |
| Anthrax Lethal Factor (LF) | p. 79 |
| Advanced Sensor Arrays | p. 81 |
| OLED-Based Multiple Analyte Sensing Platform | p. 81 |
| Extended Structural Integration: OLED/Sensing Component/Photodetector Integration | p. 87 |
| Future Directions | p. 90 |
| Improved OLEDs | p. 90 |
| Sensor Microarrays | p. 91 |
| Autonomous Field-Deployable Sensors for Biological Agents | p. 91 |
| Summary and Concluding Remarks | p. 92 |
| References | p. 92 |
| Lab-on-a-Chip Devices with Organic Semiconductor-Based Optical Detection | p. 97 |
| Introduction | p. 97 |
| Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip | p. 97 |
| Detection Problem at the Microscale | p. 102 |
| Fabrication | p. 103 |
| Microfluidic Systems | p. 103 |
| Organic Semiconductor-Based Light Sources and Detectors | p. 108 |
| Towards Mass Manufacture | p. 112 |
| Functional Optical Components | p. 116 |
| OLED Light Sources for Microchip Analysis | p. 116 |
| Organic Photodetectors for Chemiluminescence Assays | p. 118 |
| Optical Filters for Head-On Fluorescence Detection | p. 123 |
| Applications | p. 126 |
| Microalbuminuria Determination On-Chip | p. 127 |
| Chemiluminescence-Based Diagnostic Tests | p. 131 |
| Towards Portable and Disposable Diagnostic Devices | p. 135 |
| Conclusions and Outlook | p. 137 |
| References | p. 139 |
| Solid-State Chemosensitive Organic Devices for Vapor-Phase Detection | p. 141 |
| Introduction | p. 141 |
| Chemical Sensors and Electronic Noses | p. 141 |
| Survey of State-of-the-Art Vapor-Phase Solid-State Chemosensing Organic Devices | p. 142 |
| Electrical Odor Sensors | p. 144 |
| Optical Odor Sensor | p. 152 |
| Summary | p. 160 |
| Recent Advances | p. 160 |
| Chemosensing Lasing Action | p. 160 |
| Chemical Sensing Heterojunction Photoconductors | p. 172 |
| References | p. 180 |
| Detection of Chemical and Physical Parameters by Means of Organic Field-Effect Transistors | p. 185 |
| Introduction | p. 185 |
| An Overview of Organic Field-Effect Sensors | p. 186 |
| (Bio)chemosensing in Solution | p. 188 |
| Ion Sensitive Organic Field-Effect Transistors (ISOFETs) | p. 188 |
| Strain and Pressure Sensors | p. 193 |
| State of the Art of Mechanical Sensors Including OFETs | p. 194 |
| Flexible Structures for Mechanical Sensors | p. 199 |
| Design and Technology of Organic Field-Effect Sensors | p. 202 |
| Applications for Organic Field-Effect Sensors | p. 205 |
| Artificial Sense of Touch | p. 206 |
| E-Textiles | p. 208 |
| Conclusions | p. 210 |
| References | p. 210 |
| Performance Requirements and Mechanistic Analysis of Organic Transistor-Based Phosphonate Gas Sensors | p. 213 |
| Overview of Electronic Sensors for Chemical Vapors and Warfare Agents | p. 213 |
| Introduction and Response Targets | p. 213 |
| Selectivity | p. 214 |
| Stability | p. 215 |
| Response Time | p. 216 |
| Power Consumption and Form Factor | p. 216 |
| Organic Semiconductor Transistor Sensors | p. 216 |
| Organic Electronics and Chemical Sensing | p. 216 |
| Electronic Transduction Mechanism | p. 218 |
| Testing Environments for Prototype Sensing Elements | p. 219 |
| Test Chambers | p. 219 |
| Device Packaging | p. 225 |
| Electrical Test Procedures | p. 225 |
| Generation of Saturation Curves at a Fixed Time Interval | p. 225 |
| Generation of Transfer Curves at a Fixed Time Interval | p. 226 |
| Pulsed Vs. Nonpulsed Measurements | p. 227 |
| Erasing Electrical History | p. 227 |
| Responses of Functionalized Organic Semiconductors to DMMP | p. 228 |
| Responses of Functionalized Hole-Transporting Oligomers, Including Blends and Surface Modifications | p. 229 |
| Responses of Electron-Transporting Films, Including Hydroxylated Island Overlayers | p. 232 |
| Data Analysis | p. 234 |
| Sensitivity of an OFET Sensor: Gate Voltage Dependence and Contributions of Mobility and Threshold Voltage Changes | p. 234 |
| Self-Consistent Equation Based on Simple Saturation Current | p. 235 |
| Contributions of Gate Dependent Mobility and Contact Resistance | p. 238 |
| Sensing Mechanisms and OFET Models | p. 239 |
| Summary and Outlook | p. 242 |
| References | p. 243 |
| Electrochemical Transistors for Applications in Chemical and Biological Sensing | p. 245 |
| Introduction | p. 245 |
| Sensors Based on Electrochemical Transistors | p. 247 |
| Sensor Mechanisms | p. 248 |
| Enzyme-Based Sensing | p. 251 |
| Antibody-Antigen-Based Sensing | p. 255 |
| DNA-Based Sensing | p. 257 |
| Recent advances in Design and Fabrication of Electrochemical Transistors | p. 258 |
| Summary and Future Directions | p. 260 |
| References | p. 261 |
| PEDOT: PSS-Based Electrochemical Transistors for Ion-to-Electron Transduction and Sensor Signal Amplification | p. 263 |
| The PEDOT:PSS-Based Electrochemical Organic Thin Film Transistor | p. 263 |
| Electrochemical Transistors: A Brief Introduction and a Short Historical Review | p. 263 |
| The Operation Principle of the PEDOT:PSS-Based Electrochemical Organic Thin Film Transistor | p. 264 |
| Design Criteria and Device Operation Parameters | p. 265 |
| Manufacturing Techniques | p. 267 |
| The PEDOT:PSS OECT as an Ion-to-Electron Transducer | p. 269 |
| Different Sensor Principles of the PEDOT:PSS Electrochemical Transistor | p. 269 |
| Humidity Sensing | p. 269 |
| Ion-Selective Membranes | p. 270 |
| The PEDOT:PSS Electrochemical transistor in logic and amplification circuits | p. 272 |
| Introduction to Electrochemical Circuits and Systems | p. 272 |
| Electrochemical Digital Circuits | p. 273 |
| Electrochemical Analog Circuits | p. 273 |
| The Differential Amplifier | p. 276 |
| Zero Detector | p. 277 |
| Oscillators | p. 277 |
| Outlook | p. 278 |
| References | p. 279 |
| Index | p. 281 |
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